DATA PRESENTATION

TOURISM STATISTICS – 3RD SESSION

PRESENTATION OF DATA
DATA

QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

 Presentation of data is intended to

make data easy to read and
GRAPH GRAPH
TABLE METHOD TABLE METHOD
METHOD METHOD

interpret by decision makers. Frequency

Distribution
Bar Chart
Frequency
Distribution
Plot Point

 Data will be presented in forms, Relatively Freq.

Distribution
Circle Graph
Relatively Freq.
Distribution
Histogram

tables, graphs and others. Percentage Freq. Cummulative

Ogive
Disribution Freq. Distribution

 Data also can be presented in Cummulative

Cross Tabulation Relatively Freq. Scatter Diagram

narrative presentation or present Distribution

the result of data using sentences. Stem Leaves

Diagram

Cross Tabulation
CATEGORICAL DATA ARE SUMMARIZED BY
TABULATING AND GRAPHING THE DATA.
Present the results of data processing using sentences
Example :
NARRATIV
‘Four out of eight respondents said that the variety of food at
EUPH Food Junction makes them more satisfied and interested
in trying new food every time they visit.’
PRESENTA
 ‘Five of the seven students who participated in this study
TION
indicated that the variety of food at UPH Food Junction played
an important role in influencing their decision to eat there
compared to other places around campus’
TABLE PRESENTATION
 Present the results of data processing
using tables of simple-complex
 Presentation of information in the
form of numbers using the format of
rows and columns
 The table should be easy for the
reader to understand and make it as
simple as possible
 Two / three tables are better than one
large variable with many variables
 SUMMARY
TABLE of Tourists in Choosing
Preferences Percent
A summary Banking
table Services
ATM indicates the frequency, 22%
amount, or percentage
Automated ora live
of items in set oftelephone 2%
categories so service
Drive-through that you at branch 5%
can see differences
In person
betweenatcategories.
branch 9%
Internet / M-Banking 62%
Total 100%
 TABLE
REQUIREMENTS
Table title / heading
Table necks
Table body
Footnotes
FREQUENCY TABLE

The distribution table has

several classes, k = 1 +
3.3 log n

Each class has an interval

(i)
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION
Present the results of data processing with certain graphs / diagrams

Presentations note the scale of the measurement data.

There are certain rules to effectively

Suitable title, Measurement unit, Proper scale,
present the information in the graphical Index, Data Sources, Keep it simple, Neat
representation.
 Determine the abscissa axis (X) and ordinate Y). The abscissa axis lists the
values, and the ordinate axis represents the frequency.
 Determine the ratio between X and Y. Typically, the X axis is made longer.
 Giving a name to each axis.
THINGS TO
 Giving a name to the graph.
CONSIDER WHEN
MAKING A Charts and Diagrams:
Chart Types,
GRAPH
 Histogram, Polygon, Ogive, Circular chart, Bar graph, Cartogram, Pictogram, Line
diagram, Pyramid chart.
GRAPHIC
FORM
Form Data Measurement Scale
Lines, Histogram Continuous :
Interval, Ratio
Bar, Pie, Pictogram Categorical :
Nominal, Ordinal
BAR AND PIE
CHART
 In a bar chart, a bar shows each
category, the length of which represents
the amount, frequency or percentage of
values falling into a category.
 The pie chart is a circle broken up into
slices that represent categories. The size
of each slice of the pie varies according
to the percentage in each category.
 THE PICTOGRAPH, CARTOGRAPH, LINE-GRAPH

A pictograph is a symbol or
image that represents an idea.
A cartograph is when a
statistical data are presented in the
form of map.
Line graph is when a statistical
data are presented in the form of
lines.
 ORGANIZING NUMERICAL DATA : THE HISTOGRAM
Class Frequency Relative Percentage Histogram : Daily High Tem perature
Frequency
7
10 < 20 3 ,15 15 6
20 < 30 6 ,30 30 5

Frequency
30 < 40 5 ,25 25 4
40 < 50 4 ,20 20 3
50 < 60 2 ,10 10 2
Total 20 1,00 100 1
0
5 15 25 35 45 55 More
(In a percentage histogram the vertical axis would be defined to
show the percentage of observations per class)
 A vertical bar chart of the data in a frequency distribution is called a histogram.
ORGANIZING NUMERICAL DATA :
THE FREQUENCY POLYGON

 A percentage polygon is formed by having the midpoint of each class represent the data in that class and
then connecting the sequence of midpoints at their respective class percentages.

Class
Class Frequency Frequency Polygon: Daily High Temperature
Midpoint
10 but less than 20 15 3 7
20 but less than 30 25 6 6
30 but less than 40 35 5 5

Frequency
40 but less than 50 45 4 4
50 but less than 60 55 2 3
2
(In a percentage polygon the vertical 1
axis would be defined to show the 0
percentage of observations per 5 15 25 35 45 55 65
class)
ORGANIZING NUMERICAL DATA :
THE OGIVE (CUMULATIVE % POLYGON)

 A percentage polygon is formed by having the midpoint of each class represent the data in that class and
then connecting the sequence of midpoints at their respective class percentages.

Lower % less
class than lower
Class boundary boundary Ogive: Daily High Temperature
10 but less than 20 10 15
20 but less than 30 20 45 100

Cumulative Percentage
30 but less than 40 30 70 80
40 but less than 50 40 90
50 but less than 60 50 100 60
40
(In an ogive the percentage of the
20
observations less than each lower
class boundary are plotted versus the 0
lower class boundaries. 10 20 30 40 50 60
 Scatter diagram is a graphical presentation
SCATTER method to illustrate the relationship
between two quantitative variables.
DIAGRAM
One variable is represented on the
horizontal axis and the other variable is
represented on the vertical axis.
 RELATIONSHIP PATTERN ON SCATTER DIAGRAM

y y y

x x x
Positive Relationship.
Negative Relationship.
If X goes up, then Y also goes up and if X goes down, then Y also goes There is no relationship between X and Y
If X goes up, Y will go down and if X goes down, then Y will go up.
down.
 PRINCIPLES OF EXCELLENT GRAPHS

The graph should

not contain
The scale on the
The graph should unnecessary
vertical axis should
not distort the data. adornments
begin at zero.
(sometimes referred
to as chart junk).
The simplest
All axes should be The graph should possible graph
properly labeled. contain a title. should be used for a
given set of data.
GRAPHICAL ERROR : CHART JUNK

Minimum Wage
1960: $1.00 Minimum Wage
$
1970: $1.60
4

2
1980: $3.10
0
1990: $3.80
1960 1970 1980 1990
GRAPHICAL ERRORS : NO RELATIVE BASIS

A’s received by A’s received by

Freq. students. % students.
30%
300
20%
200

100 10%

0 0%
FR SO JR SR FR SO JR SR

FR = Freshmen, SO = Sophomore, JR = Junior, SR = Senior

 Quarterly Sales Quarterly Sales
$ $
200 50

100 25

0 0
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
 
Monthly Sales $ Monthly Sales
$
45
45
42
42
39
39 36
36
J F M A M J 0
J F M A M J

Graphing the first six months of sales

THANKYOU
+62 857 7333 1792

johannes.kurniawan@uph.edu

@johanneskurniaw