Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 2 views

    Polymers

    Uploaded by

    wm27zfcpwv

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Polymers

    Uploaded by

    wm27zfcpwv
    2 views26 pages

    Original Title

    Polymers[1]

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    2 views26 pages

    Polymers

    Uploaded by

    wm27zfcpwv

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY

    DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
    MODULE -4
    POLYMERS
    (CO3)

    Dr N Suma
    Professor & HOD
    Department of Chemistry
    Global Academy of Technology
    Ideal Homes Township, Off Mysore Road,
    Rajarajeshwarinagar
    Bengaluru-560098
    SYLLABUS
    Polymers-Introduction, Molecular weight - number
    average and weight average molecular weight, PDI-
    definition and numerical. Synthesis, properties, and
    application of PMMA, PU. Polymer composites Kevlar
    Fibre and Carbon fibre- Synthesis, Properties &
    applications Conducting polymers - Introduction,
    synthesis and conducting mechanism of polyaniline
    and applications. Biodegradable polymers -
    Introduction, Polyglycolic acid - synthesis, degradation
    and uses.
    POLYMERS
    Polymers are macromolecules having high
    molecular mass built up by linkage together of a
    large number of small molecules called monomers.
    In Greek Poly means many, mers means units or parts. The
    molecular mass of polymer is high and range from 10,000 to
    1,00,000.
    Example: Polythene is a polymer formed by linkage of large
    number of ethene.

    The chemical process


    in which the monomers
    are converted into
    polymers is called
    Polymerisation.
    Molecular weight of polymers
    The two main types of molecular mass are

    a) Number average molecular Wight


    b) Weight average molecular weight

    Number average molecular Weight


    It is defined as the total mass (W) of all the molecules in a polymer sample
    divided by total number of molecules present.
    Mn = n1M1+ n2M2+n3M3+-----niMi
    n1+n2+n3+----ni
    Where n and M represents the number and molecular mass of each species respectively
    present in the polymer.
    Weight average molecular weight:
    The total weight of the sample divided by the weight of molecules in the
    sample.
    POLYDISPERSITY INDEX (PDI)
    It is the ratio of weight average by number average molecular
    weight.

    PDI = Mw/Mn
    When the PDI value is one, it indicates mono dispersity or given polymer has
    monomers arranged in chains of equal length.
    PDI = Mw/Mn =3.3 X105/3X105=1.1
    PDI = Mw/Mn =22743.6/22260=1.02
    Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA or Plexi glass)
    Synthesis
    PMMA is obtained by polymerization of methylmethacrylate at
    60-70˚C in presence of hydrogen peroxide as catalyst.
    Properties:
     Plexiglass is a transparent thermoplastic which softens at 120˚C.
     It has an excellent optical clarity (Refractive index= 1.4)
    and not affected by sunlight but poor scratch resistance.
     It has hard solid which can be easily moulded and is resist
    to the action of organic solvents.
     PMMA has excellent chemical resistivity but soluble in
    many organic solvents.
     It has good mechanical properties.
     It can transmit 98% sunlight and UV rays.

    Applications:
     It is used in automobiles for housing rear lamps, profiles,
    light fittings, signal light,TV screen etc.
     It is used for making artificial teeth, eyes and contact lenses.
     In making protective coatings and plastic jewellary.
    Polyurethanes
    Polyurethanes have –NHCOO- linkages in their repeat
    units.

    Synthesis: These polymers can be synthesized by the reaction of


    diisocyanate with dihydroxy alcohol(glycol). During addition ‘H’
    atom of ‘OH’ group migrates and adds to nitrogen atom.
    Properties:
    • Polyurethane have good resistance to many organic solvents, water,

    oil and corrosive chemicals.


    • It has excellent abrasive resistance.
    • It has good stretching property.
    • It has high tensile strength.
    Applications:
    • It is used as coating material, films and adhesives.
    • Polyurethane coating are used in coating floors of gymnasium.
    • Polyurethane fibres are used in making of swim suits and
    foundation garments.
    • Polyurethane foam is used in cushions for furniture and
    automobiles.

    How Polyurethanes synthesized,


    mention its applications.
    Polymer Composites
    A combination of two or more distinct components
    to form a new class of material suitable for structural
    applications is referred to as Composite materials.

    When one of the components is a polymer, the resulting


    composite is called as polymer composite. Polymer
    composites are made up of two components

    a) Matrix: The matrix is usually thermostat material such as epoxy


    resin or polyamide.
    b) Fibre: Fibre is most often glass, but sometime may be a carbon
    fibre, polyethylene or Kevlar.
    Kevlar Fibre
    Kevlar is aromatic polyamide (IUPAC name – Poly (para-
    phenylene terephthalamide).

    Synthesis: Kevlar is synthesized by the reaction of para-


    phenylene diamine and terephthaloyl chloride.

    n n

    + 2nHCl
    Properties:
    •Kevlar is crystalline, light weight and non-flammable.
    •It has higher tensile and modulus than fibre glass
    •It has good stiffness and high abrasion resistance.
    Applications:
    •It is used in the lightweight boat hulls, aircrafts panels and
    race cars.
    •It is used in bridge structures and bullet proof vests.
    •It is used in puncture resistant bicycle tyres.

    Citing the applications of Kevlar fiber in the industry, explain


    the synthesis.
    Carbon fibre

    Carbon fibre,which is a form of graphite with carbon


    ring structure. The graphite sheets are thin and form long
    ribbons. Bunches of these ribbons pack together to form fibres.

    Synthesis: Carbon fibre is prepared by heating


    polyacrylonitrile, a polymer containing -C≡N groups
    cyclises to form a polycyclic chain. The resulting solid
    heated gradually to expel hydrogen and rings becomes
    aromatic .When is heated at 400-600˚C, the adjacent
    chains joins together losing more hydrogen. When the
    temperature raised to 2000˚C, all the nitrogen is expelled
    leaving behind ribbon like pure carbon fibre.
    Heat to 20000C

    Carbon fibre
    Properties:
    •Carbon fibre has a tensile strength almost three times greater
    than that of steel.
    •Carbon fibres are extremely strong and stiff.
    •Carbon fibres are reinforced into epoxy resin matrix.
    Applications:
    •It is used in making parts of aeroplanes, space shuttles and
    modern motor bikes.
    •It is used in tennis rackets, guitar strings and golf clubs.
    •It is used in tripods, fishing rods and archery equipments.

    Discuss the synthesis and applications of carbon Fiber.


    Conducting Polymers
    Conducting Polymers are organic polymers that conduct
    electricity.
    Conducting polymers are obtained by doping an oxidizing or a
    reducing agent into organic polymers with conjugated backbone
    consisting of alternating double and single carbon – carbon bonds.
    The important doping agents are
    a) Oxidative doping (p-type doping): The polymer is treated with
    an oxidizing agent like iodine, aluminium chloride, perchloric acid
    etc. Oxidizing agent takes away electrons from π- back bone of the
    chain creating a hole. Thus polymer becomes p-type conductor as
    it conducts by the movement of holes.
    b) Reductive doping (n-type doping): The polymer is treated
    with a reducing agent like sodium or lithium naphthalids.
    Reducing agents supplies electrons to π- back bone of the chain.
    The polymer becomes n-type conductor as it conducts by free
    mobile electrons.
    Synthesis of Poly aniline
    Polyaniline is synthesized by oxidative
    polymerization of aniline
    n C6H5NH2 + [O] → [C6H4NH]n + n H2O
    A common oxidant is ammonium persulfate or
    Ammonium peroxy disulphate (NH4)2S2O8in
    1 M hydrochloric acid (other acids can be used).
    The polymer precipitates as an unstable
    dispersion with micrometer-scale particulates.
    Mechanism of conduction in Polyaniline
    •The synthesis of conducting polyaniline is an example of doping
    technique. In this technique current carrying species ( -ve / +ve )
    are created by the protonation of imine nitrogen.
    •Polyaniline exists in several different oxidation states of which
    only emaraldine salt (Reduced form aniline) conducting.
    •Polyaniline is partially oxidized using a suitable oxidizing agent,
    into a base form of aniline which contains alternating reduced
    and oxidized forms of aniline polymer back bone.
    •Base form of aniline treated with aqueous HCl (1M), undergoes
    protonation of imine nitrogen atom, creating current carrying
    species (+ve ) in the polymer backbone. These charges are
    compensated by the anions ( Cl-) of the doping agent giving the
    corresponding salt.
    Applications:
    •Conducting polyaniline used as electrode material for
    commercial rechargeable batteries.
    •It is used as conductive tracks on PCB.
    •It is used in anodic passivation of metal as a means of
    corrosion control.
    •Polyaniline is used as sensors – humidity sensors, gas sensor,
    radiation sensor, biosensor for glucose, galactose etc.
    •It is used in electro chromic display windows.
    •It is used in information storage devices.
    •It is used as film membranes for gas separation.
    •Used in light emitting diodes.

    Explain the synthesis of Poly aniline.How poly aniline is


    converted into conducting polyaniline? Justify with the
    suitable mechanism.
    BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS
    Biodegradable Polymers are those polymers which get
    degraded into simplar molecules like CO2,H2O,N2 etc.,
    under aerobic or anaerobic conditions by the action of
    microorganism or enzymes.
    Eg: Poly glycolic acid, Poly lactic acid
    Polyglycolic acid

    Synthesis:
    Polyglycolic acid is synthesized by Polymerization
    of Glycolic acid in presence of SnCl2 as catalyst
    SnCl2 Catalyst
    n HO-CH2-COOH O-CH2-CO + n H2O
    n
    Glycolic acid
    Polyglycolic acid
    Degradation of Polyglycolic acid
    Methods:
     Hydrolysis
     Oxidative
     Enzymatic
    Hydrolysis:
    Two steps:
    Step1: Convert Poyglycolic acid into Glycolic acid
    Step 2:Convert Glycolic acid into CO2 & H2O
    Applications of Polyglycolic acid
    It is used as drug delivery system
    It is used as surgical sutures
    It is used in food packing

    Define Biodegradable Polymers. Explain the synthesis &


    degradation of Polyglycolic acid. Mention its applications.

    You might also like