Internet Protocol (IP)

IPv4 &IPv6
 1. Internet protocol version 4(IPv4)
• 1.1 Foreword
• Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is the core protocol suite in the
TCP/IP protocol suite. It works at the network layer in the hybrid
protocol stack and this layer corresponds to the network layer in
the Open System Interconnection Reference Model (OSI RM).

• The network layer provides connectionless data transmission

services. A network does not need to establish a connection
before sending data packets. Each IP data packet is sent
separately.
1.2 Objectives
On completion of this course, you will be able to:
1. Describe main protocols at the network layer.

2. Describe the concepts and classification of IPv4

addresses and special IPv4 addresses.
 Internet Protocol

• IP is short for the Internet Protocol. IP is the name of a protocol

file with small content. It defines and describes the format of IP
packets.
• The frequently mentioned IP refers to any content related directly
or indirectly to the Internet Protocol, instead of the Internet
Protocol itself.
• Function ：
1. Provides logical addresses for devices at the network layer.
2. Is responsible for addressing and forwarding data packets.
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• IP has two versions: IPv4 and IPv6 later we will see IPv6. IPv4
packets prevail on the Internet, and the Internet is undergoing
the transition to IPv6.
• IPv4 is the core protocol in the TCP/IP protocol suite. It works at
the network layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack and this layer
corresponds to the network layer in the Open System
Interconnection Reference Model (OSI RM).
1.3.3 Data Encapsulation,is the process of adding a
header and a tail to a datapayload to form a new paket.
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• Application data can be transmitted to the destination end over
the network only after being processed at each layer of the
TCP/IP protocol suite. Each layer uses protocol data units
(PDUs) to exchange information with another layer.

• PDUs at different layers contain different information. Therefore,

PDUs at each layer have a particular name.
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• The process in which data is delivered following the protocol
suite from top to bottom and is added with headers and tails is
called encapsulation.
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• This presentation describes how to encapsulate data at the

network layer. If data is encapsulated with IP, the packets are
called IP packets.
IPv4 Packet Format

The process in which data is delivered

following the protocol suite from top to bottom
and is added with headers and tails is called
encapsulation.
This presentation describes how to encapsulate
data at the network layer. If data is
encapsulated with IP, the packets are called
IP packets.
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• The IP packet header contains the following information:
• Version: 4 bits long. Value 4 indicates IPv4. Value 6 indicates
IPv6.
• Header Length: 4 bits long, indicating the size of a header. If
the Option field is not carried, the length is 20 bytes. The
maximum length is 60 bytes.
• Type of Service: 8 bits long, indicating a service type. This field
takes effect only when the QoS differentiated service (DiffServ)
is required.
• Total Length: 16 bits long. It indicates the total length of an IP
data packet.
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• Identification: 16 bits long. This field is used for fragment
reassembly.
• Flags: 3 bits long.
• Fragment Offset: 12 bits long. This field is used for fragment
reassembly.
• Time to Live: 8 bits long.
• Protocol: 8 bits long. It indicates a next-layer protocol. This field
identifies the protocol used by the data carried in the data
packet so that the IP layer of the destination host sends the
data to the process mapped to the Protocol field.
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• Header Checksum: 16 bits long.

• Source IP Address: 32 bits long. It indicates a source IP
address.
• Destination IP Address: 32 bits long. It indicates a destination
IP address.
• Options: a variable field.
• Padding: padded with all 0s.
 1.3.5 Data Packet Fragmentation

• The process of dividing a packet into multiple fragments is called

fragmentation.
• The sizes of IP packets forwarded on a network may be
different. If the size of an IP packet exceeds the maximum size
supported by a data link, the packet needs to be divided into
several smaller fragments before being transmitted on the link.
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• Identification: 16 bits long. This field carries a value assigned by
a sender host and is used for fragment reassembly.
• Flags: 3 bits long.
• Reserved Fragment: 0 (reserved).
• Don't Fragment: Value 1 indicates that fragmentation is not
allowed, and value 0 indicates that fragmentation is allowed.
• More Fragment: Value 1 indicates that there are more
segments following the segment, and value 0 indicates that the
segment is the last data segment.
• Fragment Offset: 12 bits long. This field is used for fragment
reassembly.
 Time to Live

The TTL field specifies the number of routers that a packet can
pass through.
Once a packet passes through a router, the TTL is reduced by
1. If the TTL value is reduced to 0, a data packet is discarded.
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• Time to Live: 8 bits long. It specifies the maximum number of
routers that a packet can pass through on a network.
• When packets are forwarded between network segments,
loops may occur if routes are not properly planned on network
devices. As a result, packets are infinitely looped on the network
and cannot reach the destination. If a loop occurs, all packets
destined for this destination are forwarded cyclically. As the
number of such packets increases, network congestion occurs.
• To prevent network congestion induced by loops, a TTL field is
added to the IP packet header. The TTL value decreases by 1
each time a packet passes through a Layer 3 device. The initial
TTL value is set on the source device.
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• packet decreases to 0, the packet is discarded. In

addition, the device that discards the packet sends an
ICMP error message to the source based on the source
IP address in the packet header. (Note: A network device
can be disabled from sending ICMP error messages to
the source ends.)
 1.3.7 Protocol
• The Protocol field in the IP packet header identifies a protocol
that will continue to process the packet.
• This field identifies the protocol used by the data carried in the
data packet so that the IP layer of the destination host sends the
data to the process mapped to the Protocol field.
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• Common values are as follows:
• 1: ICMP, Internet Control Message Protocol
• 2: IGMP, Internet Group Management Protocol
• 6: TCP, Transmission Control Protocol
• 17: UDP, User Datagram Protocol
 1.4 Introduction to IPv4 Addresses
1.4.1 What Is an IP Address?
• An IP address identifies a node (or an interface on a network
device) on a network.
• IP addresses are used to forward IP packets on the network
• Note: The interface that needs to use an IP address is usually
the interface of a router or computer.
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• An IP address is an attribute of a network device interface, not
an attribute of the network device itself. To assign an IP address
to a device is to assign an IP address to an interface on the
device. If a device has multiple interfaces, each interface needs
at least one IP address.
• Note: The interface that needs to use an IP address is usually
the interface of a router or computer.
1.4.2 IP Address Notation
• An IPv4 address is 32 bits long.
• It is in dotted decimal notation.
• The IP address format helps us better use and configure a
network. However, a communication device uses the binary
mode to operate an IP address. Therefore, it is necessary to be
familiar with the decimal and binary conversion.
• IPv4 address range
• 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000–
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111, that is, 0.0.0.0–
255.255.255.255
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IP Address Structure
• An IPv4 address is divided into two parts:
• Network part (network ID): identifies a network.
• IP addresses do not show any geographical information. The
network ID represents the network to which a host belongs.
• Network devices with the same network ID are located on the
same network, regardless of their physical locations.
• Host part: identifies a host and is used to differentiate hosts on
a network.
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• A network mask is also called a subnet mask, is used to

distinguish the network part from the host part in an IP address.
• The network mask is generally used together with the IP
address. Bits of 0 correspond to host bits in the IP address. In
other words, in an IP address, the number of 1s in a network
mask is the number of bits of the network ID, and the number of
0s is the number of bits in the host ID.
1.4.5 IP Address Classification (Classful Addressing)
To facilitate IP address management and networking,
IP addresses are classified into the following classes:
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• This presentation only focuses on class A, B, and C addresses.
• Default subnet masks of classes A, B, and C
• Class A: 8 bits, 0.0.0.0–127.255.255.255/8
• Class B: 16 bits, 128.0.0.0–191.255.255.255/16
• Class C: 24 bits, 192.0.0.0-223.255.255.255/24
Private IP Addresses
• Private IP addresses are used to relieve the problem of IP
address shortage. Private addresses are used on internal
networks and hosts, and cannot be used on the public network.
• Public IP address: An IP address is assigned by the Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and this address allocation
mode ensures that each IP address is unique on the Internet.
Such an IP address is a public IP address. A network device
connected to the Internet must have a public IP address
allocated by the IANA.
• Private IP address: In practice, some networks do not need to
connect to the Internet.
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• These IP addresses are called private IP addresses. The use
of a private IP address allows a network to be expanded more
freely, because a same private IP address can be repeatedly
used on different private networks.
• Class A: 10.0.0.0–10.255.255.255
• Class B: 172.16.0.0–172.31.255.255
• Class C: 192.168.0.0–192.168.255.255
Note: Network Address Translation (NAT) is used to
translate addresses between private and public IP address
realms.
 1.4.9 Special IP Addresses
Special IP Address Address Scope Function

It can be used as a destination address and traffic destined for it is sent to all hosts on the network
Limited broadcast address 255.255.255.255
segment to which the address belongs. (Its usage is restricted by a gateway).

It is an address of any network.Addresses in this block refer to source hosts on "this"

Any IP address 0.0.0.0
network.

Loopback address 127.0.0.0/8 It is used to test the software system of a test device.
2.internet protocol version 6(IPv6)
• 2.1 Foreword
• In the 1980s, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
released RFC 791 – Internet Protocol, which marks the
standardization of IPv4. In the following decades, IPv4 has
become one of the most popular protocols. Numerous people
have developed various applications based on IPv4 and made
various supplements and enhancements to IPv4, enabling the
Internet to flourish.
• However, with the expansion of the Internet and the
development of new technologies such as 5G and Internet of
Things (IoT), IPv4 faces more and more challenges. It is
imperative to replace IPv4 with IPv6.
 2.2 Objectives
• On completion of this course, you will be able to:
• Summarize the advantages of IPv6 over IPv4.
• Describe the basic concepts of IPv6.
• Describe the formats and functions of IPv6 packet headers.
• Describe the IPv6 address format and address types.
Why IPv6?
• Characteristics of IPv4:
• 1.Exhausted public IP addresses
• 2.Improper packet header design
• 3.Large routing table, leading to inefficient table query
• 4.Dependency on ARP causes broadcast storms
• 5.……
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• Characteristics of IPv6:
• 1.Nearly infinite address space
• 2.Hierarchical address allocation
• 3.Plug-and-play
• 4.Simplified packet header
• 5.IPv6 security features
• 6.Integrity of E2E communication
• 7.Support for mobility
• 8.Enhanced QoS features
• 9....
IPv6 Advantages
 2.3.4 Basic IPv6 Header
• An IPv6 header consists of a mandatory basic IPv6 header and
optional extension headers.
• The basic header provides basic information for packet
forwarding and is parsed by all devices on a forwarding path.
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• The fields in a basic IPv6 header are described as follows:
• 1.Version: 4 bits long. In IPv6, the value is 6.
• 2.Traffic Class: 8 bits long. This field indicates the class or
priority of an IPv6 packet. It is similar to the TOS field in an IPv4
packet and is mainly used in QoS control.
• 3.Flow Label: 20 bits long. This field was added in IPv6 to
differentiate real-time traffic. A flow label and a source IP address
together can identify a unique data flow. Intermediate network
devices can effectively differentiate data flows based on this
field.
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• 4.Payload Length: 16 bits long. This field indicates the length of
the part (namely, extension headers and upper-layer PDU) in an
IPv6 packet following the IPv6 basic header.
• 5.Next Header: 8 bits long. This field defines the type of the first
extension header (if any) following a basic IPv6 header or the
protocol type in an upper-layer PDU (similar to the Protocol field
in IPv4).
• Hop Limit: 8 bits long. This field is similar to the Time to Live field
in an IPv4 packet. It defines the maximum number of hops that
an IP packet can pass through. The value is decreased by 1
each time an IP packet passes through a node. The packet is
discarded if Hop Limit is decreased to zero.
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• 7.Source Address: 128 bits long. This field indicates the address
of the packet sender.
• Destination Address: 128 bits long. This field indicates the
address of the packet receiver.
Pv6 Extension Header
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• Extension Header Length: 8 bits long. This field indicates the
extension header length excluding the length of the Next Header
field.
• Extension Header Data: variable length. This field indicates the
payload of the extension headers and is a combination of a
series of options and padding fields.
• An IPv4 packet header carries the optional Options field, which
can represent security, timestamp, or record route options. The
Options field extends the IPv4 packet header from 20 bytes to
60 bytes. The Options field needs to be processed by all the
intermediate devices, consuming a large number of resources.
For this reason, this field is seldom used in practice.
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• When more than one extension header is used in the same IPv6
packet, those headers must appear in the following order:
• 1.Hop-by-Hop Options header: carries optional information that
must be examined by every node along a packet's delivery path.
• 2.Destination Options header: carries optional information that
needs to be examined only by a packet's destination node.
• 3.Routing header: used by an IPv6 source to list one or more
intermediate nodes to be "visited" on the way to a packet's
destination.
• 4.Fragment header: used by an IPv6 source to send a packet
longer than the path MTU to its destination.
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• 5.Authentication header (AH): used by IPsec to provide
authentication, data integrity, and replay protection.
• 6.Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) header: used by IPsec
to provide authentication, data integrity, replay protection, and
confidentiality of IPv6 packets.
IPv6 Packet Processing Mechanism
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• Source router’s behavior ： Constructs an IPv6 packet as
required.
• Intermediate router’s behavior: Process the basic header and
Hop-by-Hop Options header.
• Destination router’s behavior: Processes all packet headers.
• The length of the basic packet header is fixed, improving the
forwarding efficiency.
• The extension headers meet special requirements.
• 2.3.9 IPv6 Address Classification
• IPv6 addresses are classified into unicast, multicast, and
anycast addresses according to the IPv6 address prefix.
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• •Unicast address: identifies an interface. A packet destined for a
unicast address is sent to the interface having that unicast
address. In IPv6, an interface may have multiple IPv6
addresses. In addition to GUAs, ULAs, and LLAs, IPv6 has the
following special unicast addresses:
• 1.Unspecified address: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0/128, or ::/128. The
address is used as the source address of some packets, for
example, Neighbor Solicitation (NS) messages sent during DAD
or request packets sent by a client during DHCPv6 initialization.
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• 2.Loopback address: 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1/128, or ::1/128, which is
used for local loopback (same function as 127.0.0.1 in IPv4).
The data packets sent to ::/1 are actually sent to the local end
and can be used for loopback tests of local protocol stacks.
• •Multicast address: identifies multiple interfaces. A packet
destined for a multicast address is sent to all the interfaces
joining in the corresponding multicast group. Only the interfaces
that join a multicast group listen to the packets destined for the
corresponding multicast address.
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• •Anycast address: identifies a group of network interfaces
(usually on different nodes). A packet sent to an anycast address
is routed to the nearest interface having that address, according
to the router's routing table.
• •IPv6 does not define any broadcast address. On an IPv6
network, all broadcast application scenarios are served by IPv6
multicast.

• Thank you !!!.

Group 4

• Student Name

Samuel Teshale
Samuel Ayalew
Dawit Degu
Tewodros Kassanew