Fluid 1

FLUID
MECHANICS
INTRODUCTION
NG'WIGONJI JOHN KIDAI

INTRODUCTION
• Fluid mechanics is the science that deals with the action of forces
on fluids at rest as well as in motion.
• If the fluids are at rest, the study of them is called fluid statics.
• If the fluids are in motion, where pressure forces are not considered,
the study of them is called fluid Kinematics
• If the fluids are in motion and the pressure forces are considered, the
• study of them is called fluid dynamics.
FLUID
• Matter exists in two states- the solid state and the fluid state.
This classification of matter is based on the spacing between
different molecules of matter as well as on the behavior of matter
when subjected to stresses.
• Because molecules in solid state are spaced very closely, solids possess
compactness and rigidity of form. The molecules in fluid can move more
freely within the fluid mass and therefore the fluids do not possess any
rigidity of form.
• Thus Fluid exist in two form:-
o Liquid
o Gas
WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
• Liquids flow and take the shape of their container but maintain a
• constant volume.
• Gases expand to fill the available volume.
• Liquids are incompressible (theoretically)
• While the gas are compressible.
FLUID PROPERTIES
Mass density Viscosity
Specific Weight Surface tension
Specific Volume Vapor Pressure
Specific Gravity Capillarity
Cavitation
MASS DENSITY / DENSITY (ρ)
• The “mass per unit volume” is mass density. Hence it has units of
kilograms per cubic meter.
• The mass density of water at 4°C is 1000 kg/m3 while it is 1.20 kg/m3
for air at 20°C at standard pressure.
Density (ρ) = Mass

Volume
MASS DENSITY / DENSITY Example
• A quantity of helium gas at 0°C with a volume of 4.00 m3 has a mass
of 0.712 kg at standard atmospheric pressure.
• Determine the density of this sample of helium gas.
Density = 0.712kg
4.00m3
• Density = 0.178kg/m3
SPECIFIC WEIGHT OR WEIGHT
DENSITY γ
• It is the ratio between the weight if a fluid to its volume.
• It is also weight per unit volume of a fluid.
• Its unit is N/m3.
• A commonly used value is the specific weight of water on Earth at
4°C, which is 9.807 kN/m3 or 62.43 lbf/ft3
• • Water at 20 °C has a specific weight of 9.789 kN / m3
• γ= ρg
SPECIFIC VOLUME
• It is defined as the volume of a fluid occupied by a unit
• mass or volume per unit mass of a fluid is called specific Volume.
• Specific Volume = Volume of the Fluid / Mass of the Fluid
• = 1/mass of the fluid/volume of the fluid
•=1/ρ
SPECIFIC GRAVITY S
• The ratio of specific weight of a given liquid to the specific weight
of water at a standard reference temperature (4°C)is defined as
specific gravity, S.
• The specific weight of water at atmospheric pressure is 9810 N/m3.
• The specific gravity of mercury at 20°C is
• = 133kN/m3 / 9.81kN/m3
• = 13.6
Viscosity
• Different kinds of fluids flow more easily than others. Oil, for
• example, flows more easily than molasses. This is because
• molasses has a higher viscosity, which is a measure of resistance to
• fluid flow. Inside a pipe or tube a very thin layer of fluid right near
• the walls of the tube are motionless because they get caught up
• in the microscopic ridges of the tube. Layers closer to the center
• move faster and the fluid sheers. The middle layer moves the fastest.
Cont.
Cont.
• The more viscous a fluid is, the more the layers want to cling
• together, and the more it resists this shearing. The resistance is due
• the frictional forces between the layers as the slides past one
• another. Note, there is no friction occurring at the tube’s surface
• since the fluid there is essentially still. The friction happens in the
fluid
• and generates heat. The Bernoulli equation applies to fluids with
• negligible viscosity.
Viscosity (μ)
• is defined as the property of a fluid which offers resistance to
the movement of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of
the fluid.
• The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its “resistance to deformation.”
NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOSITY
• states that the shear stress on a fluid element layer is
directly proportional to the rate of shear strain.
• The constant of proportionality is called the coefficient of viscosity
• .τ = μ du/dy
• •Where τ = shear stress
• du/dy = Velocity Gradient
• μ = coefficient of viscosity.
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
• It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and
• density of the fluid.
V= μ Ns/m2 m2/s
ρ kg/m3
VARIATION OF VISCOSITY WITH
TEMPERATURE
• Liquids - cohesion and momentum transfer
o Viscosity decreases as temperature increases.
o Relatively independent of pressure (incompressible).
• Gases - transfer of molecular momentum
o Viscosity increases as temperature increases.
o Viscosity increases as pressure increases
μ vs T
• Variation of viscosity with temperature
for liquids and gases.
TYPES OF FLUIDS
• Ideal Fluid
• Real Fluid
• Newtonian Fluid
• Non- Newtonian Fluid
• Ideal Plastic Fluid
Shear stress vs
shear strain
• Newtonian fluid: shear stress is proportional to shear
strain.
• Shear thinning: ratio of shear stress to shear strain
decreases as shear strain
increases (toothpaste, catsup, paint, etc.)
• Shear thickening: viscosity increases with shear rate
(glass particles in water, gypsum-water mixtures).
APPLICATION OF VISCOSITY
1. Transparent and storing facilities for fluids i.e., pipes, tanks
2. Bitumen used for road construction.
3. Designing of the sewer line or any other pipe flow viscosity play an
important role in finding out its flow behavior.
4. Drilling for oil and gas requires sensitive viscosity.
5. To maintain the performance of machine and automobiles by
determining thickness of lubricating oil or motor oil.
SURFACE TENSION (σ)
• Surface tension is a contractive tendency of the surface of a
fluid that allows it to resist an external force. Surface tension
is an important property that mark ably influences the
ecosystems.
• What’s happening in the picture?
• – Bug (pond skater / Gerridae) is walking on water
SURFACE TENSION(σ)
• molecules in the interior of a liquid is under attractive
• force in all direction.
• • However, a molecule at the surface of a liquid is acted on
• by a net inward cohesive force that is perpendicular to the
• surface.
• • Hence it requires work to move molecules to the surface
• against this opposing force and surface molecules have
• more energy than interior ones
• • Higher forces of attraction at surface
• • Creates a “stretched membrane effect”
Cont.
• • Surface tension, σs: the force resulting from molecular
• attraction at liquid surface [N/m]
• Fs= σs L
• Fs= surface tension force [N]
• σs = surface tension [N/m]
• L = length over which the surface tension acts [m]
Example: Surface Tensionσ
• Estimate the difference in pressure (in Pa) between the inside and
outside of a bubble of air in 20ºC water. The air bubble is 0.3 mm
in diameter.
R = 0.15 x 10-3 m σ = 0.073 N/m

P= 2σ P= 2 X 0.073 N/m
R 0.15 x 10-3 m
P= 973 Pa
p =γh h= 973 = 0.1 m water
9789
CAPILLARY ACTION
• How do trees pump water hundreds of feet from the ground to their highest
leaves? Why do paper towels soak up spills? Why does liquid wax rise to the tip
of a candle wick to be burned? Why must liquids on the space shuttle be kept
covered to prevent them from crawling right out of their containers?! These are all
examples of capillary action--the movement of a liquid up through a thin tube. It
is due to adhesion and cohesion.
• Capillary action is a result of adhesion and cohesion. A liquid that adheres to the
material that makes up a tube will be drawn inside.
• Cohesive forces between the molecules of the liquid will “connect” the molecules
that aren’t in direct contact with the inside of the tube.
• In this way liquids can crawl up a tube. In a pseudo-weightless environment like
in the space shuttle, the “weightless” fluid could crawl right out of its container.
CAPILLARY
ACTION
• Capillary action
is the ability of a fluid to flow in narrow
spaces without the assistance of, and in
opposition to, external forces
like gravity.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ADHESIVE
& COHESIVE
• The force of attraction between unlike charges in the atoms or
molecules of substances are responsible for cohesion and adhesion.
• Cohesion is the clinging together of molecules/atoms within a
substance. Ever wonder why rain falls in drops rather than
individual water molecules? It’s because water molecules cling
together to form drops.
• Adhesion is the clinging together of molecules/atoms of two
different substances. Adhesive tape gets its name from the adhesion
between the tape and other objects. Water molecules cling to many
other materials besides clinging to themselves.
CAPILLARY EF
C
• h=height of capillary rise (or depression)
• σ=surface tension
• θ=wetting angle
B
• G=specific weight
• r=radius of tube D A
• T= Surface tension
• If the tube is clean, θ is 0 for water
Derivation of capillary equation
• At point A PwA = Patm = PD
• At point B
• PwB = Patm - ρw gh
• At point C
• PwC = PD - ρa gh
• PwB + ρw gh = PwC + ρa gh
• PwB - PwC = (ρw- ρa) gh
• PwB –PwC = Pcapillary = 2rcosθ = (ρw- ρa) gh
h= 2rcosθ
• .
• . (ρw- ρa) g
Cont.
• Capillary action is found in thermometer where fluid used in it
automatically rises when comes in contact with higher temperature or
falls down with lower ones.
• Capillary action can be performed to transfer fluid from one vessel to
another on its own.
VAPOR PRESSURE
• pressure: the pressure at which a liquid
• will boil.
• Vapor pressure ↑ when temperature increases
• At atmospheric pressure, water at 100 °C will
• boil
• Water can boil at lower temperatures if the
• pressure is lower
• • When vapor pressure > the liquid’s actual pressure
• • It will boil.
CAVITATION
• is the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles of a flowing
• liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below the
• vapour pressure and sudden collapsing of these vapour bubbles in a
• region of a higher pressure.

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FLUID

NG'WIGONJI JOHN KIDAI

Specific Weight Surface tension

Specific Volume Vapor Pressure

Specific Gravity Capillarity

Density (ρ) = Mass

R = 0.15 x 10-3 m σ = 0.073 N/m

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