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A smart material is an object that holds a property that is susceptible to
change with the introduction of an external stimulus. This change must be
either tangible or visible for the material to qualify for ‘smart’ status. These changes can include:
Electrical Moisture pH Stress Chemical Thermal Mechanical Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys Piezoelectric Materials Magnetostrictive Materials Magneto-Rheological Fluids Electro-Rheological Fluids An alloy that “remembers” its original, cold- forged shape. By heating it returns back to the re-deformed shape. SMAs are materials which can revert back to original shape & size on cooling by undergoing phase transformations. Examples: NiTiNOL (thermal), NiMnGa, Fe-Pd, Terfenol-D (Magnetic) CuZnSi, CuZnAl, CuZnGa, CuZnSn (actuator) Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) are a unique class of metal alloys that can recover apparent permanent strains when they are heated above a certain temperature.
Austenite – High Temp Two Phases of SMA Martensite- Low Temp Twinned De twinned
A phase transformation which occurs between these two phases
upon heating/cooling is the basis for the unique properties of the SMAs. Muscle wire is NiTi alloy which can be stretched up to 8 % of its length and still recover. (at room temp 3 to 5 % stretch is possible) When a small current is passed through the wire it becomes much harder and returns to its original length with a reasonable force. A battery and switch are connected to muscle wire & a small weight stretches the muscle wire. The cycle of turning on and off the current has the effect of lifting and lowering of the weight. A clever use of muscle wire and a micro-controller circuit is a robotic hand. A robotic hand has „stretched muscle wires‟ attached to the base of each finger When current is applied to the muscle wire it contracts to its „natural‟ length by pulling on the ordinary wire. The micro-controller is programmed to give five of the outputs with switch on and off options. This makes the fingers of the hand move. Materials that produce a voltage when stress is applied.(An applied mechanical stress will generate a voltage ) Example:Quartz,BaTiO3,GaPO4 🞂 The piezoelectric effect describes the relation between a mechanical stress and an electrical voltage in solids. In physics, the piezoelectric effect can be described as the the link between electrostatics and mechanics. An LED is wired to a piezoelectric transducer. The LED briefly lights when the device is flicked & shows that electricity has been generated by stress and strain. An applied voltage will change the shape of the solid by a small amount (up to a 4% change in volume). Quartz watches, Piezo electric US oscillator In lighters or portable sparkers with a piezo fuze a sudden and strong pressure is used to produce a voltage. The spark then ignites the gas. A piezo motor is based on the change in mechanical shape of a piezoelectric material when an tension is applied. The material produces ultrasonic or acoustic vibrations and produces a linear or rotary motion. Piezo elements are used in music for acoustic instruments. They are inserted in stringed instruments such as guitar, violin or Mandoline. The dynamic deformation/vibration of the cords is converted into a small alternating voltage. Magneto striction is a property of ferro magnetic materials that causes them to change their shape or dimensions during the process of magnetization. The effect was first identified in 1842 by James Joule when observing a sample of iron. Ex: Fe, Co, Terfenol – D (US transducers, sonar, sound bug Actuators and Sensors Magnetostrictive transducers - Convert magnetic energy in to mechanical energy Vibration Speaker Technology using the highest power Smart Material . Install in seconds - peel and stick - no screws or mounting issues High quality sound without design compromise. No wires, no boxes, no grilles. A MR fluid is a smart fluid which usually consists of 20-40 percent iron particles, suspended in mineral oil, synthetic oil, water or glycol. MRF also contains a substance which prevents the iron particles from setting. When subjected to a magnetic field, the magnetic particles inside increase the fluid's viscosity, rendering it viscoelastic solid. MRF solidifying and blocking a pipe in response to an external magnetic field.
“OFF" position – the MR fluid is not magnetized & the particles inside, distributed randomly, allow the fluid to move freely, acting like a damper fluid. “ON” position – the particles become energized and align into fibrous structures and restricts the movement of the fluid Smart switches & actuators( NiTi -long life) Safety device, fuse, alarms (CuZnAl -reliability) Artificial limbs, blood vessels & muscles (SM Polyurethane -bio compatibility) Adhesive tapes/bands ( time bound adhesive property /painless removal/healing property) Food packaging industry- wrappers( adoptability) Smart spoons ( Temperature sensitive polymers) Smart nose & tongue ( recognition characteristics) Smart clothes ( Adaptive to An “animated lamp” designed by Romolo Stanco that uses shape-memory alloy to change its shape whenever it‟s turned on and off. NiTi NOL wire- diameter in mm Aircraft which will incorporate "smart materials” that will allow the wings of a craft to change shape for optimal flying conditions. "Stealth Bombers“ have ferro fluids on their outer “skin” to make them harder to spot with radar.
