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Microprocessor and Assembly
Language CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR AND COMPUTER
Microprocessor 07/07/20 24 INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR AND COMPUTER
A Computer is a programmable machine.
The principal characteristics of a computer are: It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well- defined manner. It can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). The instructions and data are called software. The actual machinery wires, transistors, and circuits are called hardware.
Microprocessor 07/07/20 24 Computer system consists of:
CPU (central processing unit) which is the heart of the
computer. ALU (arithmetic-logic unit) Control Logic Registers, etc.… Memory I/ O interfaces The interconnections between these units are through 3 basic buses:
Microprocessor 07/07/20 24 Bus
1. Address Bus: - which select memory location or I/O device for
CPU. 2. Data Bus: - Move information b/n CPU & memory or I/O devices with size from 8 bits to 64 bits in microprocessor. 3. Control Bus: - generate command signal to synchronize the CPU with I/O or memory.
Microprocessor 07/07/20 24 MICROPROCESSOR
A microprocessor (sometimes abbreviated μP) is a
digital electronic component with miniaturized transistors on a single semiconductor integrated circuit (IC). One or more microprocessors typically serve as a central processing unit (CPU) in a computer system or handheld device. Microprocessors also control the logic of almost all digital devices, from clock radios to fuel-injection systems for automobiles.
Microprocessor 07/07/20 24 Microprocessor based computer
Microprocessor 07/07/20 24 Three (3)basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors are: Instruction set: The set of instructions that
the microprocessor can execute.
Bandwidth: The number of bits processed
in a single instruction. Clock speed: Given in megahertz (MHz),
the clock speed determines how many
instructions per second the processor can execute.
Microprocessor 07/07/20 24 Microprocessors Evolution Address Bus Addressable Memory Size
12 4 kb
8- Bit Processor 8008 1972 800khz 8 bits 14 16 kb 8080 1974 2Mhz 8 bits 16 64 kb 8085 1976 3 MHz 8 bits 16 64 kb 16- Bit Processor 8086 1978 5Mhz 16 20 1M 80286 1982 16Mhz 16 24 16 M 32- Bit Processor 80386 1985 33 MHz 32 32 4G 80486 1989 40 MHz 32 32 4 G + 8 k cache Pentium I 1993 100 MHz 32 32 4 G + 16 k cache Pentium II 1997 233 MHz 32 32 4 G + 16 k cache + L2 256 cache
Pentium III 1999 1.4 Ghz 32 32 4 G + 32 k cache + L2 256 cache
Pentium IV 2000 2.66 Ghz 32 Internal 32 4 G + 32 k cache + L2 256 cache
Cache Microprocessor 07/07/20 24 Microprocessor & Its Architecture
When we look microprocessor 8086: -
It introduced on march 1978. It is implemented with 16-bit HMOS microprocessor with 29,000 transistors & operate with 5MHz clock frequency. Use HMOS technology & has 40 pins. It has 20-bit address lines hence it has 220 = 1Mbytes memory locations.
Microprocessor 07/07/20 24 ----
It can generate 16-bit address for I/O devices & can
address 216 = 64 k I/O ports. Has 135 number of instructions with eight 8-bit registers & eight 16-bit registers. Has +5v DC power supply.
Microprocessor 07/07/20 24 Architecture Of 8086
Microprocessor 07/07/20 24 cont 8086 consists of 2 units of Bus Interface Unit (BIU) & Execution Unit (EU). Bus Interface Unit: The BIU sends out address and fetches instructions from memory, reads data from ports and memory and return data to ports and memory. In other words, handles all transfers of data and address on the buses for the execution unit
Microprocessor 07/07/20 24 Execution Unit Execution of 8086 tells BIU where to fetch instructions or data from, decodes instructions and executes instructions It contains control circuitry which directs internal operations A decoder in the EU, translates instructions fetched from memory into a series of actions It has 16-bit ALU which does all the arithmetic operations Such as Addition, Subtraction, Division, multiplication And logic comparison
Microprocessor 07/07/20 24 Flag Register A flag is a flip-flop that indicates some status or condition produced by execution of an instruction. There are total 9 flags. Those are Status flags – 6 and Control flags- 3
Microprocessor 07/07/20 24 Registers
AX, BX, CX, DX are general purpose registers which are
of 16-bit size which can be viewed as the combination 2 8bit size.
Microprocessor 07/07/20 24 End of slides Question ?
