MICROPROCESSOR

Prepared by ENGR. RYNEFEL ELOPRE

Introduction to Microprocessor
What is Microprocessor
• A microprocessor is a component that performs the instructions and tasks involved in computer
processing.
• In a computer system, the microprocessor is the central unit that executes and manages the
logical instructions passed to it.
• A microprocessor may also be called a processor or central processing unit, but it is actually more
advanced in terms of architectural design and is built over a silicon microchip.
• A microprocessor is the most important unit within a computer system and is responsible for
processing the unique set of instructions and processes.
• A microprocessor is designed to execute logical and computational tasks with typical operations s
uch as addition/subtraction, interprocess and device communication, input/output management
• A microprocessor is composed of integrated circuits that hold thousands of transistors; exactly ho
w many depends on its relative computing power.
• Microprocessors are generally classified according to the number of instructions they can process
within a given time, their clock speed measured in megahertz and the number of bits used per
instruction.
Introduction to Microprocessor
Basics of Microprocessor

A Microprocessor takes a bunch of instructions in machine language and executes them, telling the
processor what it has to do. Microprocessor performs three basic things while executing the
instruction:
1. It performs some basic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and some
logical operations using its Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU). New Microprocessors also
perform operations on floating point numbers also.
2. Data in Microprocessor can move from one location to another.
3. It has a Program Counter (PC) register that stores the address of next instruction based on the
value of PC, Microprocessor jumps from one location to another and takes decision.
Introduction to Microprocessor
Block Diagram of Microprocessor
Introduction to Microprocessor
A typical Microprocessor structure looks like this.
Introduction to Microprocessor
Clock Speed of different Microprocessor:

16-bit Microprocessor
8086: 4.7MHz, 8MHz, 10MHz
8088: more than 5MHz
80186/80188: 6MHz
80286: 8MHz
32-bit Microprocessor
INTEL 80386: 16MHz to 33MHz
INTEL 80486: 16MHz to 100MHz
PENTIUM: 66MHz
64-bit Microprocessor
INTEL CORE-2: 1.2GHz to 3GHz
INTEL i7: 66GHz to 3.33GHz
INTEL i5: 2.4GHz to 3.6GHz
INTEL i3: 2.93GHz to 3.33GHz
Introduction to Microprocessor
Types of Processor
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) - CISC or Complex Example:
Instruction Set Computer is a computer architecture where 1. Intel 386
instructions are such that a single instruction can execute 2. 2. Intel 486
multiple low level operations like loading from memory, storing in 3. 3. Pentium
to memory or an arithmetic operation etc. It has multiple 4. 4. Pentium Pro
addressing nodes within single instruction. CISC makes use of 5. 5. Pentium II
very few registers. 6. 6. Pentium III
7. 7. Motorola 68000
8. 8. Motorola 68020
9. 9. Motorola 68040 etc.
Introduction to Microprocessor
Types of Processor
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) - RISC or Reduced Example:
Instruction Set Computer is a computer architecture where 1. IBM RS6000
instruction are simple and designed to get executed quickly. 2. 2. MC88100
3. 3. DEC Alpha 21064
4. 4. DEC Alpha 21164
Instructions get completed in one clock cycle this is because of 5. 5. DEC Alpha 21264 .
the optimization of instructions and pipelining (a technique that
allows for simultaneous execution of parts, or stages, of
instructions to more efficiently process instructions).

RISC makes use of multiple registers to avoid large interactions

with memory. It has few addressing nodes.
Introduction to Microprocessor
Types of Processor
Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) - EPIC or Exp Example:
licitly Parallel Instruction Computing permits computer to execute 1. IA-64 (Intel Architecture-64)
instructions parallel using compilers.

It allows complex instructions execution without using higher cloc

k frequencies.

EPIC encodes its instruction into 128 bit bundles. Each bundle
contains three instructions which are encoded in 41 bits each
and a 5-bit template field(contains information about types of
instructions in bundle and which instructions can be executed in
parallel).
Evolution of Microprocessors
Size of Microprocessor – 4 bit
Name Year of Invention Clock Speed Number of Transistor Instruction per sec.

INTEL 4004/4040 1971 by Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor 740 KHz 2300 60,000

Size of Microprocessor – 8 bit

Name Year of Invention Clock Speed Number of Transistor Instruction per sec.

8008 1972 500 KHz Unknown 50,000

8080 1974 2 MHz 60,000 10 times faster than 8008

8085 1976 (16 bit address bus) 3 MHz 6500 769230

Evolution of Microprocessors
Size of Microprocessor – 16 bit
Name Year of Invention Clock Speed Number of Transistor Instruction per sec.

8086 1978 (multiply and divide instruction, 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz, 10 29000 2.5 Million
16 bit data bus and 20 bit address bus MHz
)
8088 1979 (cheaper version of 8086 and 8 b Unknown Unknown 2.5 Million
it external bus)
80186/80188 1982 (80188 cheaper version of 80186, 6 MHz Unknown unknown
and addtional components like interup
pt controller, clock generator, local bu
s controller,counters)
80286 1982 (data bus 16bit and address bus 8 MHz 134000 4 Million
24 bit)
Evolution of Microprocessors
Size of Microprocessor – 32 bit
Name Year of Invention Clock Speed Number of Transistor Instruction per sec.

INTEL 80386 1986 (other versions 80386DX, 80386S 16 MHz – 33 MHz 275000
X, 80386SL and data bus 32 bit addres
s bus 32 bit)
INTEL 80486 1986 (other versions 80486DX, 80486S 16 MHz – 100 MHz 1.2 Million transistors 8 KB of cache memory
X, 80486DX2, 80486DX4)
PENTIUM 1993 66 MHz Cache memory 8 bit for i
nstructions 8 bit for data

Size of Microprocessor – 64 bit

Name Year of Invention Clock Speed Number of Transistor Instruction per sec.

INTEL core 2 2006 (other versions core2 duo, core2 1.2 GHz to 3 GHz 291 Million transistors 64 KB of L1 cache per cor
quad, core2 extreme) e 4 MB of L2 cache
i3, i5, i7 2007, 2009, 2010 2.2GHz – 3.3GHz, 2.4
GHz – 3.6GHz, 2.93G
Hz – 3.33GHz
Generations of microprocessor
1. First generation – From 1971 to 1972 the era of the first generation came which brought
microprocessors like INTEL 4004 Rockwell international PPS-4 INTEL 8008 etc.
2. Second generation - The second generation marked the development of 8 bit microprocessors
from 1973 to 1978. Processors like INTEL 8085 Motorola 6800 and 6801, etc., came into existenc
e.
3. Third generation - The third generation brought forward the 16 bit processors like INTEL 8086 /
80186 / 80286, Motorola 68000, 68010 etc. From 1979 to 1980 this generation used the HMOS
technology.
4. Fourth generation - The fourth generation came into existence from 1981 to 1995. The 32 bit
processors using HMOS fabrication came into existence. INTEL 80386 and Motorola 68020 are
some of the popular processors of this generation.
5. Fifth generation - From 1995 till now we are in the fifth generation. 64 bit processors like
PENTIUM, Celeron, Dual, Quad and Octa core processors came into existence.
Advantages of microprocessor
1. High processing speed
2. Compact size
3. Easy maintenance
4. Can perform complex mathematics
5. Flexible
6. Can be improved according to requirement
Disadvantages of microprocessors
1. Overheating occurs due to overuse
2. Performance depends on size of data
3. Large board size than microcontrollers
4. Most microprocessors do not support floating point operations
Learning Resources
1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-microprocessor/?ref=lbp
2. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/evolution-of-microprocessors/?ref=lbp
3. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/microprocessor-intel-x86-evolution-and-main-
features/?ref=lbp
4. https://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm
5. https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2874/microprocessor