Chemical Energetics
Chemical Energetics
Chemical Energetics
Enthalpy Change, ΔH
• The total chemical energy inside a substance is called the enthalpy (or
heat content)
• When chemical reactions take place, changes in chemical energy take
place and therefore the enthalpy changes
• An enthalpy change is represented by the symbol ΔH (Δ= change; H =
enthalpy)
• An enthalpy change can be positive or negative
Exothermic reactions
• A reaction is exothermic when the products have less energy than the reactants
• Heat energy is given off by the reaction to the surroundings
• The temperature of the environment increases - this can be measured on a
thermometer
• The temperature of the system decreases
• There is an enthalpy decrease during the reaction so ΔH is negative
• Exothermic reactions are thermodynamically possible (because the enthalpy of
the reactants is higher than that of the products)
• However, the rate may be too slow to observe any appreciable reaction
• In this case the reaction is kinetically controlled
• This means the reaction could have a high activation energy which is preventing the
reaction from taking place.
The enthalpy change during an exothermic reaction
Endothermic reactions
• During a reaction, enthalpy changes take place because bonds are being
broken and formed
• Energy (in the form of heat) is needed to overcome attractive forces between
atoms
• Bond breaking is therefore endothermic
• Energy is released from the reaction to the surroundings (in the form of heat)
when new bonds are formed
• Bond forming is therefore exothermic
• If more energy is required to break bonds than energy is released when new
bonds are formed, the reaction is endothermic
• If more energy is released when new bonds are formed than energy is
required to break bonds, the reaction is exothermic
• In reality, only some bonds in the reactants are broken and then new ones are
formed
Enthalpy Calculations