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Form of Basic SQL Query in DBMS

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Praveena G
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49 views

Form of Basic SQL Query in DBMS

Uploaded by

Praveena G
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Form of basic SQL query in DBMS

The basic form of an


. SQL query, specifically when
Retrieving data, is composed of a combination of
clauses.
SELECT [DISTINCT] column1, column2, ...
FROM tablename
WHERE condition;
 SELECT: Retrieves data from one or more tables.

 FROM: Specifies the table from which you're retrieving the data.

 WHERE: Filters the results based on a condition.

 GROUP BY: Groups rows that have the same values in specified columns.

 HAVING: Filters the result of a GROUP BY.

 ORDER BY: Sorts the results in ascending or descending order.

 JOIN: Combines rows from two or more tables based on related columns.
• 1. Retrieve all columns from a table:

• Syntax

• SELECT * FROM tablename;

•
2. Retrieve specific columns from a table:
• Syntax

• SELECT column1, column2 FROM tablename;


• 3. Retrieve data with a condition:
• Syntax
• SELECT column1, column2 FROM tablename WHERE column1 = 'value';

• 4. Sort retrieved data:

• Syntax
• SELECT column1, column2 FROM tablename ORDER BY column1 ASC;
Regular expressions in the SELECT Command

• Regular expressions: is a sequence of characters that define a search pattern, mainly for use in pattern
matching with strings, or string matching.
• Examples:

Finds Names that start or ends with "a“

Finds names that start with "a" and are at least 3 characters in length.

• LIKE: The LIKE operator is used in a 'WHERE' clause to search for a specified pattern in a column
• Wild cards:
• percent sign (%) Represents zero, one, or multiple characters

• underscore sign(_) Represents a single character


Find values that start with a specific pattern:

• Syntax

• SELECT column_name

• FROM table_name

• WHERE column_name LIKE 'pattern%’;

• For example, to find all customers whose names start with "Ma":

• SELECT FirstName

• FROM Customers

• WHERE FirstName LIKE 'Ma%';


Find values that end with a specific pattern

• SELECT column_name

• FROM table_name
• WHERE column_name LIKE '%pattern’;

• For instance, to find all products that end with "ing":


• SELECT ProductName

• FROM Products
• WHERE ProductName LIKE '%ing';
Find values that have a specific pattern anywhere:

• SELECT column_name

• FROM table_name

• WHERE column_name LIKE '%pattern%';

• Example, to find all books that have the word "life" anywhere in the title:

• SELECT BookTitle

• FROM Books

• WHERE BookTitle LIKE '%life%';


• Using `_` Wildcard

• 1. Find values of a specific length where you only know some characters:
Syntax

• SELECT column_name

• FROM table_name

• WHERE column_name LIKE 'p_ttern';

• For instance, if you're looking for a five-letter word where you know the first letter is "h" and the
third letter is "l", you could use:

• SELECT Word

• FROM Words

• WHERE Word LIKE 'h_l__';


Combining `%` and `_`

• You can use both wildcards in the same pattern. For


example, to find any value that starts with "A", followed
by two characters, and then "o":
• Example
• SELECT column_name
• FROM table_name
• WHERE column_name LIKE 'A__o%';
UNION in DBMS
•

• The UNION operator in DBMS is used to combine the result sets of two or m
• ore SELECT statements. However, it will only select distinct values.
• SELECT City FROM Customers

• UNION

• SELECT City FROM Suppliers;

• If you wanted to include duplicates, you would use UNION ALL:

• SELECT City FROM Customers

• UNION ALL

• SELECT City FROM Suppliers;


INTERSECT in DBMS

• The INTERSECT operator in a DBMS is used to combine two SELECT statements and
return only the records that are common to both.
• SELECT order_id FROM Orders

• INTERSECT

• SELECT order_id FROM Deliveries;

• Here is an example of how to emulate INTERSECT using INNER JOIN:

• Syntax

• SELECT table1.id FROM table1

• INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id;

• This would also return ids that exist in both table1 and table2.
Except in DBMS

• SELECT order_id FROM Orders

• EXCEPT

• SELECT order_id FROM Deliveries;

• This would return a list of order_ids that appear in the Orders


table but not in the Deliveries table.
• you can simulate EXCEPT using a combination of LEFT
JOIN or NOT EXISTS.
• Here's how you might do it with LEFT JOIN:
• Syntax
• SELECT column_name(s) FROM table1
• LEFT JOIN table2
• ON table1.column_name = table2.column_name
• WHERE table2.column_name IS NULL;
• For example, if you have two tables, Orders and Deliveries, and
you want to find all orders that have not been delivered yet
(assuming order_id is a common column), you could write:
• Example:

• SELECT o.OrderID FROM Orders o

• LEFT JOIN Deliveries d

• ON o.OrderID = d.OrderID

• WHERE d.OrderID IS NULL

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