Chapter 4 Red Holt PowerPoint

Chapter 4 Heredity
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Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Section 3 Meiosis
Concept Mapping
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Chapter 4 Section 1 Mendel and His Peas
Bellringer
You have probably noticed that different people

have different characteristics, such as eye color,
hair color, and ear lobes that do or do not attach
directly to their head. Where do you think people
get these different traits?
Record your answers in your science journal.

Objectives
• Explain the relationship between traits and heredity.
• Describe the experiments of Gregor Mendel.
• Explain the difference between dominant and

recessive traits.

Who Was Gregor Mendel?

• Gregor Mendel was born in 1822 in Heinzendorf,
Austria.
• At age 21, Mendel entered a monastery. He

performed many scientific experiments in the
monastery garden.
• Mendel discovered the principles of heredity, the

passing of traits from parents to offspring.

Unraveling the Mystery
• Mendel used garden pea plants for his experiments.
• Self-Pollinating Peas have both male and female

reproductive structures. So, pollen from one flower can
fertilize the ovule of the same flower.
• When a true-breeding plant self pollinates, all of the

offspring will have the same trait as the parent.

Unraveling the Mystery, continued

• Pea plants can also cross-pollinate. Pollen from one
plant fertilizes the ovule of a flower on a different plant.
• The image below shows cross-pollination and self-

pollination.


• Characteristics
Mendel studied only one
pea characteristic at a
time. A characteristic
is a feature that has
different forms in a
population.
• Different forms of a
characteristic are called
traits.


• Mix and Match Mendel was careful to use plants
that were true breeding for each of the traits he was
studying. By doing so, he would know what to expect if
his plants were to self-pollinate.

Mendel’s First Experiments

• Mendel crossed pea plants to study seven different
characteristics.
• Mendel got similar results for each cross. One trait

was always present in the first generation, and the other
trait seemed to disappear.
• Mendel called the trait that appeared the dominant

trait. The trait that seemed to fade into the background
was called the recessive trait.

Mendel’s Second
Experiments
• To find out more about
recessive traits, Mendel
allowed the first-generation
plants to self-pollinate.
• In each case some of the

second-generation plats
had the recessive trait.

Mendel’s Second Experiments, continued

• Ratios in Mendel’s Experiments The recessive
trait did not show up as often as the dominant trait.
• Mendel decided to figure out the ratio of dominant

traits to recessive traits.

In all cases the

ratio was about
3:1 dominant :
recessive.

• Gregor Mendel – Gone But Not Forgotten

Mendel realized that his results could be explained
only if each plant had two sets of instructions for
each characteristic.
• Mendel’s work opened the door to modern

genetics.

Chapter 4 Section 2 Traits and Inheritance
Bellringer
If you flip a coin, what are the chances that it will land
on heads? tails? Suppose that you flipped the coin
and got heads. What are the chances that you will get
heads again?

Objectives
• Explain how genes and alleles are related to
genotype and phenotype.
• Use the information in a Punnett square.
• Explain how probability can be used to predict

possible genotypes in offspring.
• Describe three exceptions to Mendel’s

observations.

A Great Idea
• Mendel knew that there must be two sets of
instructions for each characteristic.
• The instructions for an inherited trait are called

genes.
• The different forms (often dominant and

recessive) of a gene are alleles.
• Phenotype An organism’s appearance is known

as its phenotype. Genes affect the phenotype.

A Great Idea, continued

• Genotype The combination of inherited alleles
together form an organism’s genotype.
• Punnett Squares are used to organize all the

possible genotype combinations of offspring from
particular parents.


What Are the Chances?
• Probability is the mathematical chance that

something will happen.
• Probability is most often written as a fraction of

percentage.

Calculating Probability

What Are the Chances?, continued
• Genotype Probability To have white flowers, a pea

plant must receive a p allele from each parent. Each
offspring of a Pp Pp cross has a 50% chance of
receiving either allele from either parent. So, the
probability of inheriting two p alleles is 1/2  1/2,
which equals 1/4, or 25%.

More About Traits

• Incomplete Dominance Researchers have found
that sometimes one trait is not completely dominant
over another.
• One Gene, Many Traits Sometimes one gene

influences more than one trait.
• Many Genes, One Trait Some traits, such as the

color of your skin, hair, and eyes, are the result of
several genes acting together.

More About Traits, continued

• The Importance of Environment Genes aren’t
the only influences on traits. A combination of things
determine an individual’s characteristics.
• Your environment also influences how you grow.
• Lifestyle choices can also affect a person’s traits.

Chapter 4 Section 3 Meiosis
Bellringer
Write a sentence to describe each of the following
terms: heredity, genotype, and phenotype. Note
how genotype and phenotype are related, and
how they are different. Is heredity necessarily a
factor in both genotype and phenotype? Why or
why not?

Objectives
• Explain the difference between mitosis and meiosis.
• Describe how chromosomes determine sex.
• Explain why sex-linked disorders occur in one sex

more often than in the other.
• Interpret a pedigree.

Asexual Reproduction
• In asexual reproduction, only one parent cell is
needed. The structures inside the cell are copied, and
then the parent cell divides, making two exact copies.
• This type of cell reproduction is called mitosis. Most

of the cells in your body and most single-celled
organisms reproduce this way.

Mitosis

Sexual Reproduction
• In sexual reproduction, two parent cells (sex cells)
join together to form offspring that are different from
both parents.
• Chromosomes that carry the same sets of genes

are called homologous chromosomes.
• Each sex cell has only one of the chromosomes

from the homologous pair.

Sexual Reproduction, continued
• Meiosis Sex cells are made during meiosis.
• Meiosis is a copying process that produces

cells with half the usual number of chromosomes.

Meiosis
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept

Sexual Reproduction, continued

• Genes and Chromosomes Walter Sutton
studied meiosis in sperm cells in grasshoppers.
• Using his observations and his knowledge of

Mendel’s work, Sutton proposed that:
Genes are located on chromosomes.

The Steps of Meiosis
• During meiosis, chromosomes are copied once, and

then the nucleus divides twice.
• The resulting sex cells (sperm and eggs) have half

the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.



Meiosis and Mendel

• The steps of meiosis explain Mendel’s results.
The following slide shows what happens to a pair
of homologous chromosomes during meiosis and
fertilization.


Meiosis and Mendel, continued

• Sex Chromosomes
carry genes that
determine sex.
• Human females have

two X chromosomes.
• Human males have

one X chromosome and
one Y chromosome.

Meiosis and Mendel, continued

• Sex-Linked Disorders The genes for certain
disorders, such as colorblindness, are carried on the
X chromosome.
• Genetic Counseling Genetic counselors use

pedigrees to trace traits through generations of a
family. These diagrams can often predict if a person
is a carrier of a hereditary disease.
• Selective Breeding In selective breeding, organisms

with desirable characteristics are mated.

Chapter 4 Heredity
Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on
the next slide.
alleles offspring
parents genotype
phenotype characteristics
genes dominant

Chapter 4 Heredity

Chapter 4 Heredity

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Chapter 4 Heredity

Section 1 Mendel and His Peas

Section 2 Traits and Inheritance

< Back Next > Preview Main

You have probably noticed that different people

Record your answers in your science journal.

< Back Next > Preview Main

• Explain the relationship between traits and heredity.

• Describe the experiments of Gregor Mendel.

• Explain the difference between dominant and

< Back Next > Preview Main

Who Was Gregor Mendel?

• At age 21, Mendel entered a monastery. He

• Mendel discovered the principles of heredity, the

< Back Next > Preview Main

Unraveling the Mystery

• Mendel used garden pea plants for his experiments.

• Self-Pollinating Peas have both male and female

• When a true-breeding plant self pollinates, all of the

< Back Next > Preview Main

Unraveling the Mystery, continued

• The image below shows cross-pollination and self-

< Back Next > Preview Main

Unraveling the Mystery, continued

< Back Next > Preview Main

Unraveling the Mystery, continued

< Back Next > Preview Main

Mendel’s First Experiments

• Mendel got similar results for each cross. One trait

• Mendel called the trait that appeared the dominant

< Back Next > Preview Main

• In each case some of the

< Back Next > Preview Main

Mendel’s Second Experiments, continued

• Mendel decided to figure out the ratio of dominant

< Back Next > Preview Main

Mendel’s Second Experiments, continued

In all cases the

< Back Next > Preview Main

Mendel’s Second Experiments, continued

• Gregor Mendel – Gone But Not Forgotten

• Mendel’s work opened the door to modern

< Back Next > Preview Main

Record your answers in your science journal.

< Back Next > Preview Main

• Use the information in a Punnett square.

• Explain how probability can be used to predict

• Describe three exceptions to Mendel’s

< Back Next > Preview Main

• The instructions for an inherited trait are called

• The different forms (often dominant and

• Phenotype An organism’s appearance is known

< Back Next > Preview Main

A Great Idea, continued

• Punnett Squares are used to organize all the

< Back Next > Preview Main

< Back Next > Preview Main

What Are the Chances?

• Probability is the mathematical chance that