Developmental Psychology

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Prenatal Development
Development begins before birth Yolk sac, amniotic sac Placenta, umbilical cord

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The Fetal Stage

Begins around the ninth week and continues until birth Normal gestation (270 280 days) Weight gain, movement, viability

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Prenatal Detection
Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Ultrasound imaging

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3-D Imaging
Using position sensors attached to a probe, the doctor conducts a freehand scan A computer takes this information and creates a 3-D image of the fetus
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Threats to Prenatal Development

Poor maternal nutrition Spina bifida Rubella Down syndrome Smoking

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

What can alcohol do to an unborn fetus?

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Artwork by FAS students

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Other Features of FAS

Difficulties with social interaction Epileptic seizures Changes in facial appearance and expression

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Sociological Problems
Disrupted school experience Inappropriate sexual behavior Alcohol and drug problems Trouble with the law Difficulty caring for themselves and their kids Homelessness
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Maternal Drug Use

Recreational drugs Born hooked (cocaine, heroin) Over-the-counter drugs

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Should Pregnant Women Drink?

8.5 drinks per week at most One drink a day is probably OK FAS occurs mostly when the mother is an alcoholic Binge drinking a real concern
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The Best Advice

Pregnant women should use the safest optionabstain from drinking during pregnancy

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Maternal Disease
Genital herpes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

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The Birth Process

Effacement Dilation Contractions

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Delivery
Clearing the airway Cutting the umbilical cord Measurements Identification APGAR

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Premature Infants

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Perceptual Development

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Sensory Abilities
Facial recognition develops as early as one month old; depth perception develops at about six months Visual cliff Newborns can hear many sounds Newborns also taste and smell
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Motor Development

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Prone, Lifts Head

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Prone, Chest Up, Arms Supported

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Rolls Over

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Bears Weight on Legs

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Sits Without Support

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Stands with Assistance

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Pulls Self to Stand

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Walks By Holding on to Furniture

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Stands Well Alone

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Walks Well Alone

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Walks Up Steps

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Temperament
The characteristic moods of a child Types of temperament (happy, slow to warm up, difficult) Jerome Kagan

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Emotional Development
Attachment: the close bonding between infant and caregiver The mother is primary Behaviorist ideas

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Separation Anxiety
Emotional distance caused when infants are separated from their mothers Seems to peak between 14 and 18 months

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Why Do Infants Develop These Attachments?

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The Harlows
Harry and Margaret Harlows studies using rhesus monkeys (1962) Substitute or surrogate mothers

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The Surrogate Mother

The experiment: contact comfort The wire mother vs. the terrycloth mother The findings

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Other Theories/Ainsworth
Ainsworth contended that attachment emerges out of a complex interplay between mother and child Sensitivity Difficult children
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Day Care and Attachment Theory

53% of U.S. moms work outside the home Working instead of staying home with ones child: Is it harmful to a childs development? Day care and preschool
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Freuds Stages of Development

Oral: ages 02 Anal: ages 23 Phallic: ages 36 Latent: ages 712 Genital: puberty through adulthood

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The Oral Stage

Ages: birth through two years The pleasure principle The infant focuses on the mouth

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The Anal Stage

Ages: 18 months3 years Toilet training An infants pleasure centers around the functions of elimination

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The Phallic Stage

Ages 36 Awareness of physical differences between boys and girls Boys sexual interest develops and focuses on the mother The infants pleasure seeking focuses on the genitals

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The Latent Stage

Age six through puberty Sexual thoughts repressed Social and intellectual development outweigh sexual interest

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The Genital Stage

Ages: puberty throughout adulthood Sexual desires rekindled, forming relationships Rebelling against rules/authority

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Adolescence

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Before 1850
The concept of adolescence didnt exist Children were dressed and treated as miniature adults Seen and not heard

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Anna Freuds Observations

Adolescents are extremely egoistic, self-centered Capable at the same time of self-sacrifice Solitude vs. involvement Rebellion vs. submission
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Adolescence Is Like an Unfinished Portrait

Initiation, rites of passage The end of adolescence is the beginning of adulthood Major adolescent changes
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Theories of Adolescence
G. Stanley Hall (1904): Adolescence is a transitional stage in evolutionary development Storm and stress Margaret Mead: disagreed with Hall; culture is a major factor in determining the character of adolescence
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Havinghurst: Developmental Tasks

Tasks specific to adolescence: Appropriate relations with both sexes Achieving a masculine or feminine social role Emotional independence Values
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Havinghurst (cont.)
Deciding on a vocation Developing better cognitive skills Becoming socially responsible Preparing for marriage and family
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Physical Development
Puberty starts: around age 13 for boys, as early as nine or ten for girls Sexual maturation, Menarche/ spermarche Weight/height increases
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Psychological Reactions to Growth

Early development: An advantage? Gender differences Body image and depression

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Sexual Attitudes and Behavior

Increased sexual awareness and activity Role of society Does sex education promote promiscuity?

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Three million cases of STDs each year in the U.S. Fears about STDs/AIDS Preventive measures Abstinence

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Developmental Problems
Asynchrony Anorexia nervosa Bulimia (gorging and purging)

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The Life Cycle

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Erik Erikson
Freud believed personality was set by age five Erikson believed that personality continues to evolve Stages

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Eriksons Theory
Eight stages in the life span Each stage presents a psychosocial crisis Personality is shaped by these crises

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Childhood Stages
Trust vs. mistrust Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Industry vs. inferiority

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Trust vs. Mistrust

The first year of life Meeting needs, learning to trust Not meeting needs leads to mistrust

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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Second year of life Toilet training and efforts to regulate a childs behavior Parents reactions

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Initiative vs Guilt
Ages 36: Finding independence from parents Children learn how to take the initiative Overcontrolling and/or overdemanding parents can cause guilt
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Industry vs. Inferiority

The fourth stage: ages six to puberty Learning how to function in social situations Failure of socialization causes inferiority

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Identity vs. Role Confusion

The fifth stage Adolescence Who am I, and where am I going in my life?

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Psychosocial Crises in Adulthood

Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Integrity vs. despair

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Intimacy vs Isolation
Shall I share my life with someone else or live alone? Social clocks Stress caused by timing

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Generativity vs. Stagnation

Stage 7 How stable is personality throughout the life cycle? Concern for the welfare of future generations Midlife crises
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Integrity vs. Despair

Stage 8: The retirement years Research in this area is incomplete Ageism and stereotypes

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Moral Development/Kohlberg
How children develop a sense of right and wrong Kohlberg borrowed from Piaget He focused on moral reasoning (three levels)
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Heinzs Dilemma

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Stages 12: Preconventional Level

Stage 1: Punishment orientation Stage 2: Native reward orientation

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Stages 34: Conventional Level

Stage 3: Good boy/good girl orientation Stage 4: Authority orientation

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Stages 56: Post-conventional Level

Stage 5: Social contract orientation Stage 6: Individual principles and conscience orientation

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Cognitive Development

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Jean Piaget
Children are not blank slates or empty vessels Instead, children are like little scientists Observations of childrens minds

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Lessons Piaget Learned from Children

Children taking IQ tests made similar errors Knowledge builds as children grow

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A Simple Experiment
The principle of conservation (ages 57) Children under age five are egocentric By age seven, they recognize object permanence
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Stage 1: Sensorimotor
Simple motor responses to sensory stimuli/no concept of object permanence Use of schemas

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Stage 2: Preoperational
Ages 18 months to 7 years Exhibits egocentric thinking Lacks concept of conservation Uses symbols, words, and mental images
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Stage 3: Concrete Operations

Ages 7 to 11 Begins to understand the concept of conservation Still has some trouble with abstract ideas Classification

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Stage 4: Formal Operations

Ages 11 to adult Understands abstract ideas and hypothetical situations Capable of logical thinking Nervous system connection
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Gender Roles

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Gender Roles
Gender stereotypes Role and gender expectations Psychological differences between males and females

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Gender Roles
Sets of behaviors that society considers appropriate for each sex Gender roles determine behavior

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Traditional Male Stereotypes

Active, adventurous, ambitious, aggressive, competitive, dominant, outspoken, leadership, likes math and science, makes decisions easily, self-confident, takes a stand, stands up under pressure, not easily influenced

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Traditional Female Stereotypes

Aware of others feelings, considerate, creative, cries easily, devotes self to others, emotional, enjoys music and art, excitable in a crisis, feelings hurt easily, gentle, home-oriented, likes children, neat, needs approval, tactful

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Elements of Traditional Gender Stereotyping

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Changing Standards
Gender stereotypes are oversimplifications Gender roles are rooted in the past Changes in technology

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Sandra Bems Research

Androgynous: combining or confusing traditionally male and female traits Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)

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Androgyny Is It More Accepted Now?

Adolescents have more choices as to how they define themselves Not all people agree

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Personality and Gender

There are obvious biological and physical differences Personality Aggression: nonverbal vs. physical

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What Causes Aggression?

Lower levels of serotonin Society encourages boys to be more aggressive than girls Communication issues

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Gender and Cognition

Verbal skills vs. spatial/math Hyde & Linn study (1988) Very few cognitive differences between males and females

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Heredity vs. Environment

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Nature vs. Nurture/Twin Studies

Researchers can assess the importance of heredity vs. environment using separated twin studies Identical/monozygotic

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Identical Twins
One sperm, one egg Share 100% of their genes Account for about one in 250 births

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Fraternal Twins
Twice as common as identical twins Two eggs are released at once If both eggs are fertilized by separate sperm = two fetuses

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Fraternal Twin Studies

Same environment Useful comparisons with identical twins

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Adoption Studies
Assess the importance of heredity vs. environment Given up for adoption early in infancy and raised without having contact with their biological parents

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