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Princes April Arreza - Protein Synthesis

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Princes April Arreza_Protein Synthesis

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Princes April Arreza - Protein Synthesis

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Concepts in Teaching Biology

Protein Synthesis
Making Proteins

By: Princes April S. Arreza


Objectives:
• Identify the functions of proteins.
• Explain the different processes involved in
protein synthesis.
• Appreciate the importance of protein
synthesis for body’s growth and function.
Protein Synthesis (Gene Expression) Notes
Proteins (Review)
•Proteins make up all living materials
• Function of proteins:
1.Help fight disease
2.Build new body tissue
3.Enzymes used for digestion and other chemical reactions
are proteins
(Enzymes speed up the rate of a reaction)
4. Component of all cell membranes
How are proteins
made?
Bodies  Cells  DNA
 Bodies are made up of cells
 All cells run on a set of instructions
spelled out in DNA

s2
DNA  Cells  Bodies
 How does DNA code for cells & bodies?
 how are cells and bodies made from the
instructions in DNA
DNA  Proteins  Cells  Bodies
 DNA has the information to build proteins
 genes

proteins
cells

DNA gets all the glory,


Proteins do all the work
bodies
DNA vs. RNA
DNA RNA
• deoxyribose sugar • ribose sugar
• nitrogen bases • nitrogen bases
• Guanine, Cytosine, • Guanine, Cytosine,
Adenine, Thymine Adenine, Uracil
•T:A •U:A
•C:G •C:G
• double stranded • single stranded
Making Proteins
Step 1: Transcription
Making a Protein—Transcription
•First Step: Copying of genetic information from DNA to RNA called
Transcription
DNA has the genetic code for the protein that needs to be
made, but proteins are made by the ribosomes—ribosomes are
outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm.
DNA is too large to leave the nucleus (double stranded), but
RNA can leave the nucleus (single stranded).
Matching bases of DNA & RNA
• (1) Double stranded DNA unzips

T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T CG T A C CG T
Matching bases of DNA & RNA
• Part of DNA temporarily unzips and is used as a template
to assemble complementary nucleotides into messenger
RNA (mRNA).

T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T CG T A C CG T
Matching bases of DNA & RNA
A
• (2) Match RNA bases to DNA bases on one of
C U
the DNA strands G
G A
U G
U C U
C G
A
A C
U
A
AG
C
U
A
RNA G
A C C
polymerase
T G G T A C A G C T A G T C A T CG T A C CG T
Matching bases of DNA & RNA
• (3) U instead of T is matched to A aa
aa
aa
aa
DNA TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGG aa
aa
mRNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCC
aa
aa
aa
aa
ribosome
A C C A U G U C G A U C A G U A G C A U G G C A
• mRNA then goes through the pores of the nucleus with
the DNA code and attaches to the ribosome.
Making Proteins
Step 2: Translation
Making a Protein—Translation
•Second Step: Decoding of mRNA into a protein is called
Translation.
•Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries amino acids from the
cytoplasm to the ribosome.
These amino acids come from the food we eat. Proteins
we eat are broken down into individual amino acids and
then simply rearranged into new proteins according to the
needs and directions of our DNA.
• A series of three adjacent bases
in an mRNA molecule codes for
a specific amino acid—called a
codon.

• Each tRNA has 3 nucleotides Amino acid


that are complementary to the
codon in mRNA.

• Each tRNA codes for a different


amino acid.
Anticodon
• mRNA carrying the DNA instructions and tRNA carrying
amino acids meet in the ribosomes.
• Amino acids are joined together to make a protein.

Polypeptide = Protein
Protein
Synthesis
Whoops!
See what happens when
your genes don’t work right!

2009-2010

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