LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GA - PPT 2

LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
BY
S.K.CHHIBBER
1
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
LPG
Liquified petroleum gas is known as LPG
It is a mixture of light hydrocarbons derived from
petroleum
These are gases at normal ambient temperature
and atmospheric pressure
But condensed to liquid state at ambient
temperature by application of moderate
pressure
Normally used as gases, they are stored
&transported as liquid under pressure
2
COMPOSITION
LPG is usually a mixture of saturated &
unsaturated hydrocarbons in C3 and C4 range
LPG consist one or more of following
Propane C3H8
Propylene C3H6
n- butane C4H10
Iso butane C4H10
Butylene C4H8
3
TRACES OF OTHER
HYDROCARBONS
Ethane C2H6
Ethylene C2H4
Pentane C5H12
Pentene C5H10
4
SEPRATION OF LPG
LPG is separated from heavier
hydrocarbons by straight distillation
LPG also obtained from conversion
processes
Thermal/catalytic cracking
Reforming
Hydro cracking
LPG derived from thermal processes
contain unsaturated hydrocarbons also.
5
PRODUCTION OF LPG
Extraction of LPG from natural gas
Refining of crude
6
EXTRACTION FROM NATURAL
GAS
There are several processes by which LPG
can be extracted from sweetened,
dehydrated, due point depressed natural
gas by-
Compression and cooling
Absorption
Cryogenic process
7
COMPOSITION OF NATURAL
GAS
Components %
N2 0.01
Co2 4.98
C1 80.97
C2 7.38
C3 4.48
C4 0.79
iC5 0.19
nC5 0.16
n C6 0.06
C7 0.02
H2O 0.01
H2S 3.9 ppm
8
CRYOGENIC PROCESS
It is further divided into
Refrigeration by direct expansion based

on Jules- Thomson effect
Cascaded refrigeration using C3 as
refrigerant
Turbo expander.
9
LPG FROM REFINNG OF CRUDE
OIL
Bulk of its supply comes from refineries
Gases mentioned earlier are produced from
distillation, thermal/catalytic cracking reforming
and hydrocracing
Refinery operation starts with the fractional
distillation of the crude oil
Over head product from the distillation which is
unstablised gasoline boiling up to 140 °C is
condensed in a over head condenser and fed to
stabliser where LPG obtained as top product
10
Cont:-
In FCC unit un condensed over head

gases and catalytitically cracked gasoline
are routed for LPG recovery
11
ODOURISATION
LPG do not have characteristic odour
Being used as domestic fuel the chances
of fire in the confined location become
large in case of accidental leakage
Odoriferous additives are mixed in LPG to
impart distinct odour.
Most commonly used substances are low
molecular weight organic thiols
(Mercaptans) in ppm (50 ppm)
12
REQUIREMENTS FOR LPG
Gases as per IS-4576
A B C
Vapour pressure @ 10 16.87 26
65°C , kg f/cm2 Max
Volatility evaporating
Temp.°C for 95% vol.at 760 mm Hg.pressure ---2------
Total volatile S% wt.max. 0.02 0.02 0.02
Copper strip corrosion Not worse than No. 1
Hydrogen sulphide ------------Absent----------
Dryness No free entrained water Shall pass
Odour ----------------level 2-------------------
Residue on evaporation
% mass, max. ----------------0.5----------------------
A. Commercial butane
B. Commercial butane-propane use 13
LPG TREATMENT
Most LPG from straight run requirs caustic
wash to bring down the mercaptan level
below 50ppm
Cracked LPG from FCC unit may require
amine wash for H2S removal
14
SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIOUS
TESTS & METHOD FOLLOWED
Dryness IS 1448 P:74
Presence of H2O hampers in the burning
process
Vapors of LPG are brought in contact with
cobaltus bromide color indicator. If no
change in color is observed in 35 min, it
reported as dry.
15
REID VAPOUR PRESSURE P:71
Significant for properly designing of the
storage vessel and customers utilization
equipments to ensure the safe handling of
product
It covers the determination of RVP at
37.8°C including the test temperature of
70°C
16
VOLATILITY P:72
Determining the amount of higher boiling
constituents present in the liquefied
petroleum gases
100 ml. cooled sample is collected in

weathering tube. The liquid is allowed to
weather under specified conditions and
the temperature is observed when 95%
has evaporated
17
CORROSION TEST P:15
Detection of corrosiveness to copper by
LPG
It provides assurance that difficulties will
not be experienced in the deterioration of
copper alloy fittings & connections that are
commonly used in utilization storage &
transport equipment.
18
SULPHUR P:34
Sulphur being corrosive & is undesirable
Sample is burnt in a suitable lamp, oxides
of sulphur are absorbed and oxidised to
sulphuric acid by means of H2O2solution.
Sulphur as sulphate is determined with
NaOHor gravimetric as barium sulphate
19
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE P:73
Sample is shaken with alcoholic lead

acetate solution and the mixture is
observed for the appearance of color or
precipitate
20
ODOUR
Being used in kitchen, warns in case of
any leakage
Odour is assessed personally and
recorded in terms of degree of intensity
21
RESIDUE
It is undesirable to leave behind non
volatile material that can plug up
equipment or cause control to operate
improperly
100 ml sample is weathered in 100 ml
centrifuge tube. The volume of residue
remaining at 37.8 °C is measured.
22
USES OF LPG
As domestic fuel
Fuel for internal combustion engine and is
covered by IS- 14861
LPG supplied for domestic purpose is a
mixture of propane and butane
predominantly in warmer area whereas in
cold area propane being in greater
proportion.
23
24

LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GA - PPT 2

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LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GA - PPT 2

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LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS

Refrigeration by direct expansion based

In FCC unit un condensed over head

100 ml. cooled sample is collected in

Sample is shaken with alcoholic lead

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