Incomplete Dominance

GENETICS
What is Genetics?
Genetics is the scientific
study of heredity
What is a Trait?
A trait is a specific characteristic
that varies from one individual to
another.
 Examples: Brown hair, blue eyes, tall,
curly
Genetic Traits Examples
What is an Allele?
 Alleles are the different
possibilities for a given trait.
 Every trait has at least two
alleles (one from the mother
and one from the father) Examples of Alleles:
A = Brown Eyes
 Example: Eye color – Brown, a = Blue Eyes
B = Green Eyes
blue, green, hazel b = Hazel Eyes
What are Genes?
Genes are the
sequence of DNA
that codes for a
protein and thus
determines a trait.
Definition of terms:
Recessive - Refers to a trait that is expressed
only when genotype is homozygous; a trait
that tends to be masked by other inherited
traits. Represented by a lower case letter (r)
Dominant – trait that can able to express
itself even in the presence of its recessive
allele. Represented by a capital letter (R)
Dominant & Recessive
Example
T – straight hair
t - curly hair
 TT - Represent offspring with straight hair
 Tt - Represent offspring with straight hair
 tt - Represents offspring with curly hair
Phenotype observable characteristics of an
individual
Genotype is the set of genes in the DNA. is
also used to refer to the pair of alleles
present at a single locus
phenotype: tall, curly hair,blue eyes

genotype: TT, cc, Bb
Homozygous vs.
Heterozygous
 Homozygous – Term used to refer
to an organism that has two identical
alleles for a particular trait (TT or RR
tt)
rr
 Heterozygous - Term used to refer
to an organism that has two different
alleles for the same trait (Tt) Rr
Types of genotypes:
Homozygous dominant – (TT)
Heterozygous dominant – (Tt)
Homozygous recessive – (tt)

Punnett square – the method by which
one can determine the possible genotypes
and phenotypes when two parents are
crossed
How do to Solve a Punnett Square
Problem?
1. Determine the genotypes of the parent organisms
2. Write down your "cross" (mating)
3. Draw a Punnett square
4. Split the letters of the genotype for each parent & put
them outside of the Punnett square
5. Determine the possible genotypes of the offspring by
filling in the Punnett square
6. Answer what the problem is asking for based on the
results of your Punnett square
Punnett Square
Parent
Parent Offspring
genotypic ratio describes the number of times
a genotype would appear in the offspring after
a test cross.
•1 YY:2Yy:1yy
•¼ YY: 2/4 Yy: 14 yy
•25% homozygous YY:
50% heterozygous Yy:
25% homozygous yy
Phenotypic ratio pertains to the relative
number of offspring manifesting a
particular trait or combination of traits.
•3 Yellow:1 white
•¾ yellow: ¼ white
•75% Yellow: 25% white

Seatwork
1. Give the genotype, phenotype, genotypic
ratio and phenotypic ratio for the following
cross: TT x tt (T = Tall and t = Short)
2. Give the genotype, phenotype, genotypic
ratio and phenotypic ratio for the following
cross: Tt x tt
3. Mom is homozygous for having freckles (F) and
dad (f) has none. Having freckles is dominant over
not having freckles. Identify the genotype,
phenotype, genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio of
their offspring
4. Both mom and dad are heterozygous (Ff) and
have freckles. Identify the genotype, phenotype,
genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio of their
offspring
Non-Mendelian Law of
Inheritance
is any pattern of inheritance in which traits do

not segregate in accordance with Mendel's
laws. It result to new phenotype
Incomplete
Dominance
Incomplete Dominance
It is a form of intermediate inheritance in

which one allele for a specific trait is not
completely dominant over the other allele. This
results in a third phenotype in which the
expressed physical trait is a combination of the
dominant and recessive phenotypes.
 A third (new) phenotype appears in the heterozygous
condition.
 Flower Color in 4 O’clocks (a type of flower)
RR = red WW= white RW = pink

Ex. RR = red flower,
flower WW = white flower.
flower
A cross between the red and white flowers
(RR x WW) yields all pink flowers (RW)
R R
RW RW
W (pink) (pink)
RW RW
W (pink) (pink)
Practice!
Cross a pink flower and a white flower.
 What is the genotype of the pink flower?

 What is the genotype of the white flower?
 Draw the punnett square.
 What is the genotypic ratio (fraction or %)?
 What is the phenotypic ratio (fraction or %)?
Answer!
Genotypes: R
Pink Flower: RW
White Flower: WW W W RW WW
Genotypic Ratio: RW WW
2RW : 2WW W
Phenotypic Ratio:
2pink : 2white
Activity 2:
Phenotypes and Genotypes in Incomplete
Dominance
Objectives:
1. Explain incomplete dominance pattern of
inheritance
2. Illustrate by means of Punnett square a cross
involving incomplete dominance
pattern of inheritance.
Materials:
Activity sheets
Manila paper
Marking pen
Procedures:
1. Read the given problem:

In four o’clock plant, R allele for red color
and W allele for white color. Two pink
flowered four o’clock plants were crossed
Show the possible outcome of the cross

between two pink flowered four o’clock
plants by using the Punnett square.
2. Now, another cross was made involving a
red flowered four o’clock plant and a pink
flowered four o’clock plant.
3. Using the Punnett square again, show the

possible outcome.
4. Show your Punnett square for problems 1

and 2 using a Manila paper.
5. Present and discuss your answers.

Guide Questions:
1. How many types of gametes will each parent
produce in problem no. 1?_____
In problem no. 2? ______
2. What is the phenotype of a heterozygous four

o’clock flower?______
3. What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring

from the cross of the parental plants in problem no.
1?_________
In problem no. 2?__________
4. What are the possible genotypes of the
offspring from the cross of the parental plants
in problem no. 1?_____
In problem no. 2?________
Codominance
 The phenotype of the heterozygote has
two alleles that are expressed at the
same time.
 In other words, in heterozygotes neither
allele is dominant.
Codominance
 The heterozygous condition, both alleles
are expressed equally
 Sickle Cell Anemia in Humans
NN = SS = sickle cells NS = some of
normal each
cells
Codominance
 Black is dominant in roosters
(B)
 So is white (W)
 The cross of a BB and WW

results in a BW or black/white
mix… however, it’s not grey
Another Similar Example…
Color in Animals: “Red” and “white”
are both dominant and when crossed
—both colors are partially expressed
as in “roan”.
Practice!
Cross an individual with sickle-cell anemia and another
who is a carrier but not sick.
 What is the genotype of the individual with sickle cell

anemia?
 What is the genotype of the carrier?
 Draw the punnett square.
 What is the genotypic ratio?
 What is the phenotypic ratio?
Answer!
Genotypes:
Carrier: NS
N S
Sickle Cell: SS
Genotypic Ratio:
S NS SS
2NS
2SS NS SS
Phenotypic Ratio: S
2carrier
2sick
MULTIPLE ALLELES
Multiple Alleles
 There are more than two alleles for
a trait
 Blood type in humans
 Blood Types?
 Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O
 Blood Alleles?
 A, B, O (in book – IA, IB, I)
Rules for Blood Type
Practice!
Cross a mother who is O with a father who is AB
 What is the genotype of mother?

 What is the genotype of the father?
 Draw the Punnett square.
Answer!
Genotypes:
Mother: OO O O
Father: AB
Genotypic Ratio: A AO AO
2AO
2BO BO BO
Phenotypic Ratio: B
2 type A
2 type B
More Practice!
Cross a mother who is heterozgous B with a
father who is heterozygous A
 What is the genotype of mother?
 What is the genotype of the father?
 Draw the Punnett square.
Answer!
Genotypes:
Mother: BO A O
Father: AO
B
AB BO
Genotypic Ratio:
1AB, 1BO,1AO, 1OO O AO OO
Phenotypic Ratio:
1 type A: 1 type B: 1 type AB : 1 Type
Given the blood types of the mother
and the child. Identify the possible
blood type of the father.
Mother’s Father’s Child’s Blood

Blood Type Blood Type Type
A A
B AB
AB B
O O

Incomplete Dominance

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GENETICS

phenotype: tall, curly hair,blue eyes

Homozygous dominant – (TT)

Heterozygous dominant – (Tt)

Homozygous recessive – (tt)

•75% Yellow: 25% white

is any pattern of inheritance in which traits do

It is a form of intermediate inheritance in

RR = red WW= white RW = pink

 What is the genotype of the pink flower?

1. Read the given problem:

Show the possible outcome of the cross

3. Using the Punnett square again, show the

4. Show your Punnett square for problems 1

5. Present and discuss your answers.

2. What is the phenotype of a heterozygous four

3. What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring

 The cross of a BB and WW

 What is the genotype of the individual with sickle cell

 What is the genotype of mother?

Mother’s Father’s Child’s Blood

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