제 1 장 Introduction

Design Lab on Vibration and

Dynamic Systems

School of Mechanical Engineering

2024 Fall Semester

- SKKU ME
 제 1 장 Introduction

Lecture 2

Serial Communication, Serial Monitor,

Processing

- SKKU ME
Contents
1. Arduino Serial Communication

2. Data print by Serial Communication

3. Arduino Communication

4. Handle Desktop Window

Objectives
• RS-232, USB, USART serial communication
• Arduino USB-serial communication
• print data by print() function
• Change data output format
• Check received data by echo
• Understand character(char)and integer(int) difference
• Control LED by serial data
• PC-Arduino Communication by Processing program
• Control Arduino by Processing program
Class Assignment

 Compose a circuit and a program that explained in Example 6-5

 Compose a circuit and a program that explained in Example 6-6
 How to show your work
 Make your own circuit and program
 Demonstration video(.mp4) that shows your circuit and program must be
uploaded on I-campus
 Due date is 09/29(Sun)
Required parts
01. Arduino serial communication

 Serial port
 It is a single-line data transmission technology and consists of one reception
strand and one transmission.
 The most used USB(Universal Serial Bus) consists of a total of four strands,
one transmission and one reception and two 5V power supplying strands.

 USART (Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter)

 Communication technology standard used as a single line data transmission.
 A typical communication port is USB.
01. Arduino serial communication

 RS-232 serial port

 Data transmission standard through serial communication
 It was originally used to connect terminal and modem
 The first Arduino board was equipped with an RS-232C serial port to connect
the Arduino to a computer using a 9-pin serial cable.
01. Arduino serial communication

 Communication between USB and Serial communication(RS-

232)
 They are not directly compatible with each other.

 So you can connect like as follows.

• Use I2C which communicate between USB and serial.
– Arduino Uno corresponds to this.

• Put USB-serial communication function in the microcontroller.

– Arduino Leonardo ATMega 32U4 MCU corresponds to this.
01. Arduino serial communication

 Arduino Uno serial communication

 Microcontrollers such as the ATMega 328p mounted on the Arduino Uno have a built-in
hardware serial port.
 This serial port is composed of transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) with Arduino digital
input/output pins 0 and 1.

 Since the Arduino's built-in hardware serial port is not compatible with USB, a separate
MCU is used as the USB-Serial converter.
 If it has separate MCU built-in as a USB-Serial converter, a driver is required to connect
to the computer, and when the Arduino IDE is installed, the driver is automatically in-
stalled.
01. Arduino serial communication

 Arduino board using MCU with built-in USB function

 Some Arduino boards, including Leonardo, use a MCU that can communicate directly
via USB without going through a converter.
 If you use a MCU like this
• Product manufacturing parts are reduced.
• One programming step can also be reduced, reducing the cost of the
board.
• It is easier to use to emulate an Arduino to a USB device.
• There is no need to multiplex USB programmers
– The host computer and an external serial device can be connected and communicated simul-
taneously.
02. Data print by Serial Communication

 Data print by print() function

 The most basic serial communication function of Arduino is data value out-
put using Serial.println() function.
 To output data to the terminal, you need to use three functions:
• Serial.begin(baud rate)
– The Serial.begin() function is called only once in setup() at the beginning of the
program so that the serial port can prepare for communication.
• Serial.print(“Message string”)
• Serial.println(“Message string”)
– The Serial.println() function automatically adds a newline function at the end of the
output message.

void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop(){
Serial.println(“Hello World.”);
}
02. Data print by Serial Communication

 Reading the variable resistance value and outputting in ter-

minal
 Let's make a program that reads the variable resistance value and outputs
the raw data (read value) and the value converted to percentage (%) to the
serial terminal.
02. Data print by Serial Communication

Example 6-1 Outputting variable resistance valute to serial

terminal
//Simple serial output program using variable resistor

const int POT = 0; //POT constant definition using analog input pin 0

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); //9600 rate communication start
}

void loop()
{
int val = analogRead(POT); // Read variable resister
int per = map(val, 0, 1023, 0, 100); //convert variable resister
into percentage
Serial.print("Analog Reading: ");
Serial.print(val); //output variable resister in serial
Serial.print("Percentage: ");
Serial.print(per); //percentage value output
Serial.println("%"); //'%’ print, newline
delay(1000); //1sec delay and repeat
}
02. Data print by Serial Communication

 Using special characters

 In Arduino serial communication, special characters can be output by using a
backslash (\) and special character symbols together, and mainly used to
change the output format of the data to be displayed.
 There are many types of special characters, but the most common are line
breaks (\ n) and tabs (\ t).
 \ is a command to print special characters. If you want to print the character it-
self with a backslash like \n and \t, you must enter the backslash one more
time, like ‘\ \ n’ or ‘\ \ t’.

 Change the data representation format

 If you use Serial.print() and Serial.println() functions, you can print by specify-
ing the data type without adding additional code.
 The default setting is ASCII code of decimal or adding additional arguments,
you can specify various output data format in hexadecimal, octal, binary, etc.
02. Data print by Serial Communication

 Output data in tabular format using special characters

Example 6-2 Output data in tabular format using special
characters

//Outputting variable resistance values ​

in tabular form

const int POT = 0; //POT constant definition using analog input pin 0

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); //9600 rate Start serial communication
}

void loop()
{
Serial.println(" \ nAnalog Pin \ tRaw Value \ tPercentage");
02. Data print by Serial Communication

 Output data in tabular format using special characters

Example 6-2 Output data in tabular format using special
characters
Serial.println("------------------------------------------");
for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
int val = analogRead(POT); //read variable resistance
int per = map(val, 0, 1023, 0, 100); //Convert variable resis-
tance value to percentage (%)
Serial.print("A0 \ t \ t");
Serial.print(val);
Serial.print(" \ t \ t");
Serial.print(per); //Output of values ​
converted to percentages
(%)
Serial.println("%"); //'%' Symbol output, line break
delay(1000); //Repeat code after waiting for 1 second
}
}
02. Data print by Serial Communication
03. Arduino Communication

 Check the data received on Arduino

 Arduino is observing the serial input buffer and must print all the characters
it receives.

 The Serial object uses the following two functions to process the echo.
• Serial.available() function
– Returns the next character of the data in the buffer, one byte at a time.
– Returns the number of data currently stored in the Arduino serial port receive buf-
fer. If the number of data is more than 0, it means that the data remains in the Se-
rial.read() function.
• Serial.read() function can be read by 1 byte and should be used only when
the return value of Serial.available() function is greater than 0.
03. Arduino Communication

Exercise 6-3 Testing Arduino cereal echo

//Testing Arduino serial echo

char data; //Declare string variable data to store received characters

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); //9600 rate serial communication start
}

void loop()
{
//Output only when data is received
if(Serial.available() > 0)
{
data = Serial.read(); //Save incoming text
Serial.print(data); //Serial output of received text
}
}
03. Arduino Communication

 ASCII code
 The ASCII code is a 7-bit set containing a total of 128 characters and com-
mands.
 When sending alphanumeric characters to a serial monitor, it is not sending
the characters themselves, but sending bytes to the computer to interpret
them.
03. Arduino Communication – Differences between
character type(char) and integer type(int)

 Number representation
 Processes data sent from PC as character type
• Even you enter numbers on serial monitor(PC), the Arduino reads the value
as character type.

 If PC sent number 5 to the Arduino, serial monitor shows number 5 as 53

• because character ‘5’ corresponds to 53 on ASCII code table

 Can get integer easily with a function parseInt() provided by Arduino IDE
• Int numFromChar = Serial.parseInt();
03. Arduino Communication – Controlling LED with a
single character
03. Arduino Communication – Controlling LED with a
single character

Example 6-4 Controlling LED with a single character

//Controlling LED with a single character

const int LED = 9;

char data; //declare character variable ‘data’ to save received letter

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); //start serial communication at baud rate 9600
pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
//run when received data
if(Serial.available() > 0)
{
data = Serial.read();
03. Arduino Communication – Controlling LED with a
single character

Example 6-4 Controlling LED with a single character

//turn on LED if received 1

if(data == '1')
{
digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);
Serial.println("LED ON");
}
//turn off LED if received 0
else if(data == '0')
{
digitalWrite(LED, LOW);
Serial.println("LED OFF");
}
}
}
03. Arduino Communication – Controlling RGB LED
with multiple variables

 CSV(Comma Separated Value)

 CSV mean text data representing multiple fields separated by a comma (,)
 Can control multiple devices by send variables separated by comma
 To control RGB LED, send 8bit variables correspond to each 3 colors to Ar-
duino

 Send RGB data separated by comma to Arduino, then read

characters as integer by using Serial.parseInt() function
 Serial.parseInt() function can read data separated by comma received
through serial port
03. Arduino Communication – Controlling RGB LED
with multiple variables
03. Arduino Communication – Controlling RGB LED
with multiple variables

Example 6-5 Controlling RGB LED with multiple variables

//Sending multiple values at the same time

//declare RGB LED pin constant values

const int RED = 11;
const int GREEN = 10;
const int BLUE = 9;

//declare integer variables to save RGB values

int rval = 0;
int gval = 0;
int bval = 0;

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); //start serial communication at baud rate 9600

//set LED pins to output

pinMode(RED, OUTPUT);
pinMode(GREEN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(BLUE, OUTPUT);
}
03. Arduino Communication – Controlling RGB LED
with multiple variables

Example 6-5 Controlling RGB LED with multiple variables

void loop()
{
// run when received data
while(Serial.available() > 0)
{
rval = Serial.parseInt(); //read the first integer value
gval = Serial.parseInt(); //read the second integer value
bval = Serial.parseInt(); //read the third integer value
if(Serial.read() == '\n') //finished sending
{
//set RGB values to each LED colors
analogWrite(RED, rval);
analogWrite(GREEN, gval);
analogWrite(BLUE, bval);
}
}
}
04. Desktop Application Control – Processing

 Processing
 Processing is an open-source programming language developed to teach ba-
sic computer programming based with graphics.
 Arduino IDE was developed based on Processing.
 Can program GUI applications communicating with Arduino using Processing.
 Can make programs to control Arduino using programming languages includ-
ing serial communication libraries such as Python, PHP, Visual Basic, C.
04. Desktop Application Control – Processing

 Installing Processing
 Visit Processing.org/download and download compressed file correspond to
OS
 IDE program(similar with Arduino IDE) will be executed by double-clicking
processing.exe file.
04. Desktop Application Control

 Controlling Processing with Arduino

04. Desktop Application Control

 Controlling Processing with Arduino

 Change color of the application window by sending variable resistance value
from desktop.
 Send variable resistance value through desktop serial port per 50ms.
• At higher speed, an error will occur because of serial buffer overflow.
04. Desktop Application Control

Example 6-6 Sending data to desktop (Arduino code)

//Sending variable resistance value to desktop

const int POT = 0; //declare POT constant using analog input pin 0

int val; //declare integer type variable to save variable resistance

value

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); //start serial communication
}

void loop()
{
val = map(analogRead(POT), 0, 1023, 0, 255); //read variable resis-
tance value and map data
Serial.println(val); //print variable resistance value
delay(50); //wait 50ms to avoid buffer overflow
}
04. Desktop Application Control

 Controlling Processing with Arduino

 Program Processing processes serial data sent from Arduino.
 Fix the serial port ‘COM3’ of following code to real serial port that Arduino is
connected.
04. Desktop Application Control

Example 6-7 Changing window background color with the data

//Processing
from Arduinoprogram changing
(Processing window background color as variable resis-
code)
tance value changes

//import serial communication library and declare object

import processing.serial.*;
Serial port;

float brightness = 0; //declare real number variable ‘brightness’ to

save variable resistance value

void setup()
{
size(500, 500); //set window size
port = new Serial(this, "COM3", 9600); //start serial communication
port.bufferUntil('\n'); //save received characters until Newline
}
void draw()
{
background(0, 0, brightness); //change window background color
}

void serialEvent(Serial port)

{
brightness = float(port.readStringUntil('\n')); //read and save
variable resistance value
}
04. Desktop Application Control

 Running Processing program

 Run program by clicking RUN button( ) on Processing IDE.
Picture 6-13 Changing color of the window as resistance value changes

analog value increasing →

 SudoGlove processing debugger
 Can check Processing GUI based debugger in the project driving RC car with
glove (www.sudoglove.com) by Jeremy Blum.
 Can download the source code of the debugger at www.jeremyblum.com .
04. Desktop Application Control – Controlling Arduino

 Controlling Arduino with Processing

 Make program changing the color of RGB LED connected to Arduino by click-
ing color pallete on desktop.
 Use hsv.jpg file as color pallete.
 Copy hsv.jpg file into ‘data’ folder of Processing to use in the program.
04. Desktop Application Control – Controlling Arduino

 Connecting RGB LED to Arduino

04. Desktop Application Control– Processing program

Example 6-8 Processing program set the color of RGB LED con-
nected to Arduino

//Processing program changing LED color to the color selected on color

pallete

import processing.serial.*; //import serial communication library

PImage img; //declare image object
Serial port; //declare serial communication object

void setup()
{
size(640, 256); //set window size
img = loadImage("hsv.jpg"); //load image to use as background
port = new Serial(this, "COM9", 9600); //start serial communication
}
04. Desktop Application Control– Processing program

Example 6-8 Processing program set the color of RGB LED con-
nected to Arduino

void draw()
{
background(0); //set background color as black
image(img, 0, 0); //set program background image
}

void mousePressed()
{
color c = get(mouseX, mouseY); //find color value of the point that
mouse clicked
String colors = int(red(c))+","+int(green(c))+","+int(blue(c))+"\n";
//get selected RGB value
print(colors); //print RGB value for debugging
port.write(colors); //send RGB value to Arduino
}
04. Desktop Application Control– Processing program

 Running Processing program