Functions

and their
Graphs
Chapter 1
 Functions
Ways to
Definition of Describe a
Function Function
Domain and
The Notation
Range of the
f(x)
Function
 Learning Objectives
The learner should be able to:
a. represent real-life situation using
functions, including piecewise
functions,
b. Evaluate a function
c. Perform Addition, Subtraction,
multiplication, division and
composition of functions, and
d. Solve problem involving functions.
 Relation is a set of ordered pairs
(x,y)
Two important factors connected to
relation
Domain
Is a set of first elements in a relation ( all of the x
values) denoted by D. These are also called the
independent variable
Range
Is a set of second elements in a relation ( all of the
y values) denoted by R. These are also called the
dependent variable.
Any letters or symbol can be used to designate
a relation
Definiton of
Function
 What is Function?
function In order for a relation to be a
 Is a special type of relation function the following conditions
must be satisfied:
that gives a single output 1. Every input must have an
number of every valid input output
 number.
It is a one-to-one and 2. Two different inputs can
many-to-one relation. have the same output
 Function can be 3. One input can have only
one output
polynomial
( linear , quadratic, cubic,
etc.), rational, piece-wise, Not a function
exponential and logarithmic. If at least one input has
more than one output
In real world, there are situations that can be represented by two variable quantities related in
such a way that one variable depends upon another Variable
 Ways to
Describe a
function
Five ways in describing a
function
List Method or Set of Ordered Pairs

Mapping Diagram
Graph
• Vertical Line Test
• Some Basic Function and their Graphs

Equation

Table of Values
List Method or Set of Ordered Pairs

Examples :
 Mapping Diagram

Examples :
Input Output
Student Teacher

2 6 Kim
3 7
Jai
Prof X
4 8

5 Trish
9
 GRAPH
If we draw all possible vertical lines on the
graph of a relation, the relation

Is a function if each line cuts the graph no

more than once
Is not a function if at least one line cuts the
graph more than once.
 Vertical Line Test
Is used to determined whether the graph
represents a function or not.
The graph represents a function if and only if
the vertical line intersects the graphs at
exactly one point.
Vertical Line Test

Not a
Function function
 Vertical Line Test

Not a
function Function
Some Basic Functions and their
Graphs
 Equation
A function can also represented as an
equation.
 If upon substitution of any value of x
results in one and only one value of y.
 If the exponent of the dependent
variable is even, then the equation is
not a function.
 Equation
Exampl
e: a. Function
b. Function
c. Not a Function
d. Function
e. Function
f. Not a Function
Question 1
what is the letters of the equation
that is represented as functions?
Why?
The equation represented by letters
a, b, d, and e are all functions since
for any value of the independent
variable there is one and only one
value of the dependent variable.
Question 2
what is the letters of the equation
that is represented as Not a
functions? Why?
The equation represented by letter c
and f are not functions since the
exponent of the dependent variable
is even.
 Table of Values

X -2 -1 0 1 2
Y 1 3 5 7 2

Notice that each input value matches with only one

output value
The Notation
f(x)
 The Notation f(x)
if x is an element in the domain of the
function, say f, then the notation f(x), read as
“ f of x” is used to represent the
corresponding
The element
functional notation f(x) in the range.
means the value of the
function f at the number x.
Since the equation y = 2x +1 represents a function,
we can also write it as f(x) = 2x + 1 .
For the equation y = 2x + 1, y = 2(0) + 1 = 1, when
x=0
For the function notation f(x) = 2x + 1, when x = 0,
then f(0) = 2(0) + 1 = 1.
Trivia
Leonhard Euler (born April 15, 1707, Basel,
Switzerland—died September 18, 1783,
St. Petersburg, Russia) was a Swiss mathematician
and physicist, one of the founders of pure
mathematics. He not only made decisive and
formative contributions to the subjects of
geometry, calculus, mechanics, and
number theory but also developed methods for
solving problems in observational astronomy and
demonstrated useful applications of mathematics
in technology and public affairs.
Contributed the
conventionalization of the
functional notation f(x).
Domain and
Range of the
Function
you have seen in the previous discussion that not every set of ordered pairs defines a
function. The domain of a function may be described explicitly, or my be implied by an
equation used to defined function.
For instance, the function given by

 has an implied domain that consists of all real values of x

except +3 and-3.
 These two values are excluded from the domain because
division by zero is undefined.
 The range of this function is all real number except 0.
 Another type of implied domain is that the used to avoid
even roots of negative numbers. If an equation is solved
for y and more than one value of y is obtained for a
particular value of x, then the equation does not define y
as a function of x.
Example:
Find the domain and range of each function

a.
b.
c.
Find the domain and range of the function
Solve x in terms of y.
a.
a. Give
Solve y in terms √𝑥
2
=± √ 1− y
n
Get the Square root of both
sides
ofa.x. Give 𝑥=± √ 1− y Resu
2 n y on both Notice that x in this case will only belt
real if the expression
𝑥 + 𝑦 =1− y + yAdd on the right side is real. This implies that the radicand,
sides must nonnegative ( greater than or equal to 0).
Resu
lt 1− y ≥0
Subtract on both Add -1 on both
)
2 sides
𝑦 =1 − 𝑥 Resu − y ≥ −1 sides
Result
lt −1 ( − y ≥ −1 ) −1
Domain = Multiply -1 on both
y ≤1 sides
Result
Read as “ set of all x such Therefore the range is the set of real numbers less than or equal to 1
that x is elements of real
numbers Range =
The Graph of the function

Domain =
Range =
 Find the domain and range of the function
b.
Solve y in terms
b. Given
of x.
𝐱𝐲 +𝟐 𝐲 − 𝟒 𝐱 +𝟒 𝐱 =𝟑−𝟐 𝐲 +𝟐 𝐲 +𝟒 𝐱 Add 2y and 4x on both
sides
Result

𝑦 ( 𝑥+ 2 )= 4 x + 3 Factor out y
𝑦 ( 𝑥+2 ) 4 x +3 Divide both side by x+2
=
( 𝑥 +2 ) ( 𝑥 +2 )
4 x+ 3
𝑦= Result
( 𝑥 +2 )
𝑥+ 2≠ 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≠ −2
From the resulting equation, you can see that for
each value of x, there is only one value of y.
Domain =
Notice that the value of y will be
defined if the denominator x+2 is
 b.
Solve x in terms
b. Given
of y.
𝑥 ( 𝑦 − 4)=3 −2 y Factor out y

𝑥 ( 𝑦 − 4) 3 − 2 y
= Divide both side by x+2
( 𝑦 − 4) 𝑦−4
3 −2 y
𝑥=
𝑦 −4 𝑦 − 4 ≠ 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 ≠ 4
Notice that the value of x will be Range=
defined if the denominator y-4 is not
equal to zero
 The Graph of the function

Domain =
Range=
 Find the domain and range of the function
c.
The radicand must be nonnegative
Solve y in terms (greater than or equal to zero. In
symbols,
−x.𝑦 = 9 Given
2 2
𝑥 of
) Add on both sides
2 2
− 𝑦 = 9− 𝑥 Result Domain =
− 1 ( − 𝑦 2 =9 − 𝑥 2 ) − 1 Multiply by -1
2 2
𝑦 =𝑥 − 9 Result

√ √ −9
𝑦 2
= 𝑥 2 Take the square root on
boot side
𝑦 =± √ 𝑥 − 9
2 Result

The symbol in the resulting equation shows that for all

values of x greater than 3 or less -3 inclusive, there are
two values of y
Although the equation does not defined y as a function
of x, the domain and range of this relation can still be
determined
 c.
Solve x in terms
−y.𝑦 = 9 Given
2 2
𝑥 of
2 2 2 2 Add on both sides
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑦 =9+ 𝑦
2 2
𝑥 =𝑦 +9 Result

√ 𝑥 =√ 𝑦 +9
2 2
Take the square root on
boot side

𝑥=± √ 𝑦 +9
2 Result

The radicand is always greater than

zero for all values of y, hence the
Range =
range is all real numbers. In symbols,
 The Graph of the
function

Domain =
Range =
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 Koalas are
even more
lazy than
cats.
Koalas don’t have much energy and, when not feasting on leaves, they
spend their time dozing in the branches. Believe it or not, they can sleep for
up to 18 hours a day!
 Clearly, animals know
more than we think, and
think a great deal more
than we know.
― Irene M. Pepperberg
 Did you know?

Did you know that dogs Did you know that a cat
can smell your feelings? uses its whiskers as
feelers to determine if a
Dogs can pick up on space is too small to
subtle changes in your squeeze through?
scent, which can help
him figure out how you Also, cats love to sleep.
are feeling, such as by A fifteen-year-old cat
smelling your has probably spent ten
perspiration when you years of its life sleeping.
become nervous or
fearful.
Cats love to
sleep.
A fifteen-year-old cat has probably
spent ten years of its life sleeping.

Also, cats use their whiskers as feelers

to determine if a space is too small to
squeeze through.
 Very
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facts!
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 Certificate of
Completion
Anna Smith.
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03/05/2023
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 Today is Monday March 6th.
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