NERVOUS SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
 Your nervous system is your body's
command center.
 Originating from your brain, it controls
your movements, thoughts and
automatic responses to the world
around you.
 It also controls other body systems
and processes, such as digestion,
breathing and sexual development
BRAIN
 PARTS OF BRAIN
 Fore brain 1. Cerebrum
 Mid brain 2. Cerebellum
 Hind brain 3. Brain stem

Lobes of brain
 Frontal lobe
 Parietal lobe
 Occipital lobe
 Temporal lobe
 FUNCTIONS OF BRAIN
 The frontal lobes are responsible for
problem solving and judgment and
motor function.
 The parietal lobes manage sensation,
handwriting, and body position.
 The temporal lobes are involved with
memory and hearing.
 The occipital lobes contain the brain's
visual processing system
SULCUS AND GYRUS
 The surface of the brain, known as the
cerebral cortex, is very uneven,
characterized by a distinctive pattern
of folds or bumps, known as gyri
(singular: gyrus), and grooves, known
as sulci (singular: sulcus).
 These gyri and sulci form important
landmarks that allow us to separate the
brain into functional centers.
 Gyri (gyrus): These are the raised, convex ridges on
the surface of the cerebral cortex. They increase the
surface area of the cortex, allowing for greater
cognitive processing. Prominent gyri, like the
precentral gyrus, are associated with specific
functions, such as motor control.
 Sulci (sulcus): These are the grooves or
indentations that separate the gyri. Some sulci are
deep and define major divisions in the brain, while
others are more shallow. Well-known sulci, such as
the central sulcus, separate major brain areas like
the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
GREY MATTER AND WHITE MATTER
 The grey matter is the place where the
processing of sensation, perception,
voluntary movement, learning, speech
and cognition takes place. White
matter's role is to provide
communication between different grey
matter areas and between grey matter
and the rest of your body.
 NEURON
 Basic unit of CNS
 MADE up of 1. Cell body
2.Dendrites
3. Axon
 Each neuron is specialized for
sensitivity and conductivity
 Impulses can flow in them with rapidity,
in some cases about 125meters per
second
 Impulses flows towards the cell body in
the dendrites and away from the cell
body in the axon
FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

Some of the key functions of the nervous system include:

 Sensory function: The nervous system detects changes in the internal and
external environment through sensory receptors such as the eyes, ears, nose,
tongue, and skin.
 Integrative function: The nervous system processes and integrates the
sensory information it receives, allowing the body to make decisions and initiate
appropriate responses.
 Motor function: The nervous system controls and coordinates the movements
of the muscles and organs in the body, allowing us to perform tasks such as
walking, talking, and breathing.
 Homeostasis: The nervous system helps maintain a stable internal environment
in the body by regulating processes such as body temperature, blood pressure,
and fluid balance.
 Cognitive function: The nervous system is responsible for higher cognitive
processes such as learning, memory, language, and problem-solving.
 Overall, the nervous system plays a crucial role in allowing us to interact with the
world around us and to maintain our physical and mental well-being.
 Regenerate response
Spinal nerves

Cranial nerves
 CRANIAL NERVES
 The cranial nerves are a set of 12 pairs
of nerves that arise directly from the
brain, rather than from the spinal cord.
They play a crucial role in transmitting
information between the brain and
various parts of the body, primarily the
head and neck. Each cranial nerve is
designated by a Roman numeral (I to
XII) and has a specific function.
 Olfactory nerve (I): Responsible for
the sense of smell.
 Optic nerve (II): Involved in vision.
 Oculomotor nerve (III): Controls the
movement of most eye muscles and the
size of the pupil.
 Trochlear nerve (IV): Also involved in
eye movement, particularly controlling
the superior oblique muscle
 Trigeminal nerve (V): Responsible for
sensations in the face and controlling the
muscles involved in chewing.
 Abducens nerve (VI): Controls the lateral
rectus muscle of the eye, aiding in horizontal eye
movement.
 Facial nerve (VII): Involved in facial
movements, taste sensation, and secretion of
saliva and tears.
 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII): Responsible
for hearing and balance
 Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX): Involved in
taste sensation, swallowing, and controlling
certain muscles in the throat.
 Vagus nerve (X): Plays a role in various
functions, including heart rate, digestion, and
respiratory control.
 Accessory nerve (XI): Controls certain
muscles in the neck and shoulders.
 Hypoglossal nerve (XII): Responsible for
tongue movement.
 CRANIAL NERVES
1. Olfactory nerve
2. Optic nerve
3. Oculomotar nerve
4. Trochlear nerve
5. Trigeminal nerve
6. Abucent nerve
7. Facial nerve
8. Vestibulo-cochlear nerve
9. Glossopharyngeal nerve
10. Vagus nerve
11. Accessory nerve
12. Hypoglossal nerve
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1. Olfactory nerve
2. Optic nerve
3. Oculomotar nerve
4. Trochlear nerve
5. Trigeminal nerve
6. Abucent nerve
7. Facial nerve
8. Vestibulo-cochlear nerve
9. Glossopharyngeal nerve
10. Vagus nerve
11. Accessory nerve
12. Hypoglossal nerve
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Says Big Brain Matter More
1. Olfactory nerve-S
2. Optic nerve-S
3. Oculomotar nerve-M
4. Trochlear nerve-M
5. Trigeminal nerve-B
6. Abucent nerve-M
7. Facial nerve-B
8. Vestibulo-cochlear nerve-S
9. Glossopharyngeal nerve-B
10. Vagus nerve-B
11. Accessory nerve-M
12. Hypoglossal nerve-M
 SPINAL NERVES
A spinal nerve is a mixed nerve, which
carries motor, sensory, and
autonomic signals between the
spinal cord and the body. In the
human body there are 31 pairs of
spinal nerves, one on each side of the
vertebral column.
 The spinal nerves are a crucial part of the
peripheral nervous system, responsible for
transmitting signals between the central
nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and
the rest of the body. There are 31 pairs of
spinal nerves, each arising from the spinal
cord and connecting to specific regions of
the body. These nerves are categorized into
different regions based on their origin along
the spinal cord:
 Cervical Nerves (C1-C8):
 These nerves emerge from the cervical
(neck) region of the spinal cord.
 Thoracic Nerves (T1-T12):
 These nerves arise from the thoracic
(upper back) region of the spinal cord.
 Lumbar Nerves (L1-L5):
 These nerves originate from the lumbar
(lower back) region of the spinal cord.
 Sacral Nerves (S1-S5):
 These nerves arise from the sacral (pelvic)
region of the spinal cord.
 Coccygeal Nerve (Co1):
 This is the final and smallest nerve,
originating from the coccygeal region.
 Each spinal nerve is formed by the
combination of two roots: the dorsal
(posterior) root and the ventral
(anterior) root. The dorsal root contains
sensory fibers, responsible for
transmitting sensory information from
the peripheral tissues to the spinal
cord. The ventral root contains motor
fibers, which carry signals from the
spinal cord to the muscles and glands.
 After the dorsal and ventral roots
combine, the spinal nerve exits the
vertebral column through openings
between adjacent vertebrae called
intervertebral foramina. Once outside
the vertebral column, the spinal nerves
branch into smaller nerves known as
peripheral nerves, which further extend
to different parts of the body.
 The spinal nerves play a vital role in
facilitating communication between the
central nervous system and the
peripheral tissues, enabling motor
control, sensory perception, and the
regulation of various bodily functions.
Any disruption or damage to these
nerves can result in sensory or motor
deficits in the corresponding regions of
the body.
Thank you