Lecture Slides for

PYTHON
PROGRAMMIN
G
Prof. Siddharth Kumar
Assistant Professor
School of Computer Science Engineering
Sandip University
Sijoul, Madhubani
Bihar
UNIT - 3
DICTIONARY
 Dictionaries are used to store data values in key:value pairs.
 A dictionary is a collection which is ordered*, changeable and do
not allow duplicates.
 As of Python version 3.7, dictionaries are ordered. In Python 3.6
and earlier, dictionaries are unordered.
 Dictionaries are written with curly brackets, and have keys and
values:
 thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
print(thisdict)
 OUTPUT:- {'brand': 'Ford', 'model': 'Mustang', 'year': 1964}

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DICTIONARY
 thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
print(thisdict["brand"])
 OUTPUT:- Ford
 Duplicate values will overwrite existing values:
 thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964,
"year": 2020
}
print(thisdict)
 OUTPUT:- 2020
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DICTIONARY
 To determine how many items a dictionary has, use
the len() function:
print(len(thisdict))
 The values in dictionary items can be of any data type:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"electric": False,
"year": 1964,
"colors": ["red", "white", "blue"]
}
 The dict() Constructor
 It is also possible to use the dict() constructor to make a
dictionary.
 thisdict = dict(name = "John", age = 36, country = "Norway")
print(thisdict)

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DICTIONARY
 You can access the items of a dictionary by referring to its key name, inside
square brackets:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
x = thisdict["model"]
 There is also a method called get() that will give you the same result:
 x = thisdict.get("model")
 Get Keys
The keys() method will return a list of all the keys in the
dictionary.
 x = thisdict.keys()
 Get Values
 The values() method will return a list of all the values in the
dictionary.
 x = thisdict.values()
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DICTIONARY
 Get Items
 The items() method will return each item in a dictionary, as tuples
in a list.
 Example
 Get a list of the key:value pairs
 x = thisdict.items()

 Change Values
 You can change the value of a specific item by referring to its key
name:
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict["year"] = 2018
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DICTIONARY
 Update Dictionary
 The update() method will update the dictionary with the items
from the given argument.
 The argument must be a dictionary, or an iterable object with
key:value pairs.
 Example :
 Update the "year" of the car by using the update() method:
 thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict.update({"year": 2020})

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DICTIONARY
 Removing Items:
The pop() method removes the item with the specified key name.
Thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict.pop("model")
print(thisdict)
Output:- {'brand': 'Ford', 'year': 1964}
 The popitem() method removes the last inserted item (in
versions before 3.7, a random item is removed instead):
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict.popitem()

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DICTIONARY
 The del keyword removes the item with the specified key name:
 thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
del thisdict["model"]
print(thisdict)
 The clear() method empties the dictionary:
 thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year": 1964
}
thisdict.clear()
print(thisdict)
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DICTIONARY METHODS
 clear(): Removes all the elements from the dictionary
 copy(): Returns a copy of the dictionary
 get(): Returns the value of the specified key
 items(): Returns a list containing a tuple for each key value pair
 keys(): Returns a list containing the dictionary's keys
 pop(): Removes the element with the specified key
 popitem(): Removes the last inserted key-value pair
 update(): Updates the dictionary with the specified key-value pairs
 values(): Returns a list of all the values in the dictionary

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FUNCTIONS
 If a group of statement is repeatedly required then it is not
recommended to write these statements everytime separately. We
have to define these statements as a single unit and we can call
that unit any number of times based on our requirement without
rewriting. This unit is called function.
 The main advantage of function is code resusability and
modularity.
 In other language functions are known as mehods, procedures,
subroutines, etc.

 Python supports two types of functions:-

 i) Built In functions: functions which are coming along with python
software automatically are called built in functions or pre defined
functions.
 Eg:- id(),type(),eval(),input(), etc.
 ii) User defined functions:- the functions which are developed by
programmer explicitly according to business requirements are 12
FUNCTIONS
 def function_name(parameters):
type your code here;
return value_if_any;

While Creating functions we can use 2 keywords:

i) def (mandatory)
ii) return (optional)

Eg:- def hello():

print(“Good morning”)
hello()
 Parameters:- These are inputs to the function. If a function contains
parameters, then at the time of calling, compulsory we should provide values
otherwise, we will get error.
def wish(name):
print(“hello”,name,”Good morning”)
wish(“Durga”)
wish(“Ravi”)

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FUNCTIONS
 Formal parameters/arguments vs Actual Parameters/Arguments:
 When a function is called, the values passed to the function are known as
actual arguments. The parameters specified in the function definition are called
formal arguments. The formal arguments act as placeholders for the actual
values that will be passed to the function when it is called.

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FUNCTIONS

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ANONYMOUS FUNCTIONS
 A lambda function is a small anonymous function.
 It is an one line function. It doesn’t have any
name.
 A lambda function can take any number of
arguments, but can only have one expression.
 x = lambda a : a + 10
print(x(5))
 x = lambda a, b : a * b
print(x(5, 6))
 x = lambda a, b, c : a + b + c
print(x(5, 6, 2))

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GLOBAL & LOCAL VARIABLES
 Local Variable: A local variable is defined within a function and
can only be accessed within that function. Once the function
execution is complete, the local variable is destroyed.
 Global Variable: A global variable is defined outside of any
function and can be accessed from any function within the same
module. It remains in existence for the duration of the program.
x = 10
def my_function():
# Local variable
y=5
print("Inside the function:")
print("Local variable y:", y) # Accessible
print("Global variable x:", x) # Accessible
my_function()

print("Outside the function:")

print("Global variable x:", x) # Accessible
# print("Local variable y:", y) # This would raise an error
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GLOBAL & LOCAL VARIABLES
 How to change value of global variable from a function ?

value = 10 # Global Variable

def my_function():
global value # Referring to the global variable
value = 5 # Modifying the global variable
print("Inside the function, global value:", value)
my_function()
print("Outside the function, global value:", value)

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MODULES
 A group of fuctions,variables and classes saved to a file is called module.
 Every python file acts as a module.
 Eg: hello.py

x=888
def add(a,b):
print("the sum is" , a+b)
def product(a,b):
print("the product is", a*b)

Here, hello module contains one variable and two functions.

 If we want to use members of module in our program then we should
import that module.
import module_name

We can access members by using module name.

module_name.variable
module_name.function()
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MODULES
 test.py
import hello
print(hello.x)
hello.add(10,20)
hello.product(10,20)

 Renaming a module :
import hello as hii
Print(hii.x)
Print(hii.product(20,10)

 from….import: We can import particular members of module by using

from…. import.
The main advantage of this is we can access members directly without
using module name.

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MODULES
from hello import x,add
print(x)
add(10,20)
product(10,10) => Product is not defined

 We can import all members of a module as follow:-

from hello import * # * is used to indicate all
print(x)
add(10,20)
product(10,10) => Works fine

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MODULES
Various possibilities of import:

import modulename
import module1,module2, module3
import module1 as m
import module1 as m , module2 as m2
from module1 import member1
from module1 import member1,member2
from module1 import member1 as x
from module1 import *

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MATH MODULE
 math.ceil() : Rounds a number up to the nearest integer
 math.factorial() : Returns the factorial of a number
 math.floor() : Rounds a number down to the nearest integer
 math.gcd(): Returns the greatest common divisor of two integers
 math.sqrt(): Returns the square root of a number
 math.trunc(): Returns the truncated integer parts of a number
 math.tan(): Returns the tangent of a number
 math.sin(): Returns the sine of a number
 math.cos(): Returns the cosine of a number
 math.pow(): Returns the value of x to the power of y

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MATH MODULE
 math.e : Returns Euler's number (2.7182...)
 math.inf : Returns a floating-point positive infinity
 math.nan : Returns a floating-point NaN (Not a Number) value
 math.pi : Returns PI (3.1415...)
 math.tau : Returns tau (6.2831...)

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RANDOM MODULE
 randrange() : Returns a random number between the given range.
 randint() : Returns a random number between the given range.
 choice() : Returns a random element from the given sequence.
 random() : Returns a random float number between 0 and 1.
 shuffle() : Takes a sequence and returns the sequence in a random
order.

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TIME MODULE
 The time module in Python provides various time-related
functions. Here’s a quick overview of its main features:
 Importing the Module
 To use the time module, you first need to import it:
 import time
 time.time(): Returns the current time in seconds since the Epoch
(January 1, 1970).
current_time = time.time()
print("Current time in seconds since the Epoch:", current_time)
 time.sleep(seconds): Pauses the program for the specified
number of seconds.
print("Sleeping for 2 seconds...")
time.sleep(2)
print("Awake!")
 time.localtime(): Returns the local time as a struct_time object.
local_time = time.localtime()
print("Local time:", local_time)

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 THE
END
SEE YOU IN UNIT 4 SOON..

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