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Philosophy 1

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B .

RUSSELL- PHILOSOPHY IS A LOGICAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE


BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DIFFERENT SCIENCES.
CANTE- PHILOSOPHY IS THE SCIENCE AND CRITICISM OF THE
COGNITIVE DOMAIN AMONG THE HUMAN BEING.
Karl jaspers German Scholar claimed
Questions are more important than answers because
answers themselves will in turn become questions !

History:
 Journey from myth to logical reasoning started from 387
BCE Aristotle’s Academy.
 The earliest Greek philosophers were not known as
philosophers; they were simply known as sages. The sage
tradition provides an early glimpse of philosophical
thought in action. Sages are sometimes associated with
mathematical and scientific discoveries and at other times
with their political impact. What unites these figures is
that they demonstrate a willingness to be skeptical of
traditions, a curiosity about the natural world and our
place in it, and a commitment to applying reason to
understand nature, human nature, and society better.
 It depicts a scene from the Matsya Purana, where Manu,
the first man whose succession marks the prehistorical
ages of Earth, sits with the Seven Sages in a boat to
protect them from a mythic flood that is said to have
submerged the world. The king of serpents guides the
boat, which is said to have also contained seeds, plants,
and animals saved by Manu from the flood.
The first and most important sage is pre Socrates
Thales of Miletus (624 BC-547 BC). Thales
traveled to Egypt to study with the Egyptian
priests, where he became one of the first Greeks
to learn astronomy.

He is known for bringing back to Greece


knowledge of the calendar, dividing the year into
365 days,

The Chinese philosopher and


historian Han Feizi identified sages
with technological discoveries and Tracking the progress of the sun from solstice to
political wisdom solstice, and—somewhat dramatically—predicting
a solar eclipse in 585 BCE. The eclipse occurred
on the day of a battle between the Medes and
Lydians. It and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers.
(credit: “Diogenes Laërtius, ancient Greek writer”
Philosophy is considered as a mother off all sciences; instead root of all knowledge

Academy

Arts Philosophy
Sciences
 Visual
Natural
Approaches of philosophy
 Performing
Social
 Literary Physics,
a) Philosophy is a set of views or beliefs about life and the universe which are oftenChemistry, Biology
held uncritically.
b) Anthropology,
Philosophy is a process of reflecting and criticizing our most deeply held conceptions and beliefs. 2 sense of philosophy
Sociology, Geography, History
“Having and Doing”, Having is not sufficient rather philosophical attitude should critical, open minded, tolerance, prejudice
free, skills of argumentation, analysis and interpretation using common sense and background knowledge.
c) Philosophy is a rational attempt to look at the world as a whole. C.D Broad says: its object to take over the results of the
various sciences, to add to them the results of the religious and ethical experiences of mankind, and then to reflect upon
the whole. The hope is that , by this means, we may be able to reach some general conclusions as to the nature of the
universe, and as to our position and prospects in it.
d) Philosophy is the logical analysis of language and the clarification of the meaning of words and concepts.
e) Philosophy is a group of perennial problems that interest people and for which philosophers always have sought answers.
What is truth? What is life and why am I here ? Why do people struggle for their rights? Is there a possibility of a life after
death?
Metaphysics General Metaphysics Ontology
Meta Phusika
beyond, above Things object

Cosmology,
Psychology or
Special Metaphysics Anthropology,
Theology or
Theodicy
Onto
Logos
Ontology Being or that which is
Knowledge or study

Studies being in their • Questions


ultimate causes, • What is being?
• Why do things exist, rather than not exist at all?
reasons and principles • What is reality meaning?
through the aid of • Is there nothing?
reason alone
Is there God?
What and who is God if He
Justification of exists at all?
Theodicy the goodness How do we prove the
Theos - God of God in the existence of God?
Study of God face of evil • Question If God exists how we justify
existence
s the existence of evil and
suffering in the world? Does a
belief in God really necessary?
There are three central question in this field:
what are sources of knowledge?
What is the nature of knowledge?
Is knowledge valid?
Specific
Existing
observatio
theory
n

Pattern Formulate
recognition hypothesis

Opinions are supported by valid or invalid arguments , premises / reasons are


simply arguments and against position is called conclusion. Inference/ Conclusion General Collect
conclusion data
derived from:
Induction Factual premises aims developing a theory
Ex: I get tired if I don’t take coffee. Coffee is addictive. Analyze
Deduction General premises , aims testing existing theory data

Ex: All men are mortal and “Socrates” is a man. Do/ don’t
reject
hypothesis

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