Moats Ch03 Session 2

Chapter 3, Phonology
Session 2: Aspects of Phonological Processing
• Unconscious: speech perception, speech production, verbal

working memory, storing and accessing word pronunciations
in the mental dictionary.
• Conscious: phonological awareness, including phonological
sensitivity and phoneme awareness.
• Rapid Automatic Naming (RAN) is usually considered to be
an aspect of phonological processing often used to measure
something unique that contributes to the prediction of
reading failure.
Speech to Print: Language Essentials for Teachers, Third Edition by Louisa Cook Moats. Copyright © 2020 by Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. All rights
reserved. 1
Left Hemisphere Brain Areas
Responsible for Phonological
Processing
Broca’s:
• Phonological recoding during
reading
• Phonological memory
• Assembly of words into
sentences
Wernicke’s:
• Association of speech sounds
with symbols and meaning
reserved. 2
Unconscious Speech Processes
• Constantly activated in all listening and speaking
• Learned and used by all humans naturally from exposure to a language
community
• Speech perception, a receptive language process, requires distinguishing
and remembering words, including those that differ only in one phoneme (for
example, thrill, frill; plate, place).
• Speech production, an aspect of expressive language, requires being able
to repeat and pronounce words and phrases.
reserved. 3
Phonological Working Memory (PWM)
“Comprehension depends on a short-term memory system that transiently
stores and continuously processes the incoming segments of the linguistic
message … termed working memory.”
“A phonological deficiency would understandably impair the functions of
working memory and could be expected, in turn, to have repercussions on
comprehension, whether of spoken discourse or printed text.”
Liberman et al., 1989
reserved. 4
Different Memory Systems
• Phonological Working Memory (PWM)
• Recalling a series of directions
• Rehearsing a phone number before dialing
• Repeating a new word or phrase
• Recalling a series of speech sounds before blending them
• During reading or listening, holding language in memory long enough to extract
the meaning of the words
• Long-Term Memory (LTM)
• Storing new words in the mental dictionary
• Recalling what you read or heard yesterday or before that
reserved. 5
Phonological Working Memory (PWM)
• Holds incoming speech information for a few seconds until meaning can be
extracted
• Evaluated by imitation and repetition tasks such as:
• Phrase and sentence repetition
• Digit span tests
• Behavioral symptoms of poor PWM include forgetting directions, strings of
sounds, telephone numbers, lists of names, lists of facts, and so forth
reserved. 6
Storage, Retrieval, and Naming
• The mental act of establishing a mental representation in memory, accessing
a known word in the mental dictionary, mentally formulating verbal output,
and pronouncing the word
• Storage and retrieval of words in memory depends on having an accurate
phonological representation of the word in LTM
Bloopers and gaffes:
“In the Olympic Games, Greeks ran races, jumped, hurled the biscuits, and
threw the java. The reward to the victor was a coral wreath.”
(Richard Lederer, The World According to Student Bloopers)
reserved. 7
Speech Errors Due to Faulty Perception,
Storage, and/or Retrieval of a Word’s Sound
Structure
• pacific/specific
• anecdote/antidote
• hostile/hostage
• perseverate/persevere
• irrelevant/irreverent
• “To prevent contraception, wear a condominium.” (Richard Lederer)
reserved. 8
Naming, Slow and Fast
• Untimed naming tasks involve saying the names of pictured objects
• People with retrieval problems may pick a word with related meaning or
somewhat related sounds
• “Cadillac” instead of “cataract”
• “tarantula” instead of “torrential”
• “tornado” instead of “volcano”
• Other symptoms include hesitation during speaking, “tip of the tongue”
behavior, as well as misnaming things
reserved. 9
RAN – Rapid Automatic Naming Tests
• Measures are timed.
• They involve naming a repeating series of a small set of numbers, letters,
objects, or colors as fast as possible.
• They are often included in comprehensive testing for reading difficulties and
contribute to scores on “processing speed” or phonological processing,
depending on the test.
• Researchers debate exactly what RAN measures, but RAN tests do explain
additional variation in reading outcomes, beyond phoneme awareness.
reserved. 10
Workshop
• Complete and discuss Workbook exercises 2-27.
• Examine various tests for phonological working memory, rapid automatic
naming, word retrieval, and word repetition.
reserved. 11

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Chapter 3, Phonology

Session 2: Aspects of Phonological Processing

• Unconscious: speech perception, speech production, verbal

Liberman et al., 1989

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