A2.2.8 Differences in Eukaryotic Cell Structure Between Animals, Fungi and Plants

A2.2.
8
Differences in
Eukaryotic Cell
Structure between
Animals, Fungi and
Plants
Eukaryota
The eukaryotes constitute All animals, plants, fungi, and
the domain of Eukaryota many unicellular organisms
(A3.2.9), organisms whose are eukaryotes.
cells have a nucleus (A2.2.6).
Animalia
◎ Animals are all multicellular eukaryotes
without a cell wall (A2.2.14)
◎ Animals are holozoic (eat other organisms with
internal digestion of nutrients, B4.2.4).
◎ The animal kingdom is the largest kingdom with 1
million known species. Although, the number of
known species if likely an artifact of human bias
towards studying animals!
Fungus
◎ Fungi are eukaryotes with a cell wall made of a molecule
called chitin.
◎ Can be unicellular (i.e. yeast) or multicellular (A2.2.14,
mushrooms).
◎ Most fungi are saprotrophs - this means they secrete
digestive enzymes into their environment and then absorb
the nutrients into their body after there has been external
digestion (B4.2.6)!
◎ Some fungi are parasitic (C4.1.11).
◎ Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems
(C4.2.5).
Kingdom Plantae!
Plantae Bryophyta Filicinophyta
Coniferophyta
Angiospermatophyta
◎ Plants are all multicellular eukaryotes with a

cellulose cell wall (A2.2.14)
◎ With just a few exceptions, plants are autotrophs
(organisms that make their own food, C4.2.6). Without
plants, life on Earth would not exist as we know it! Plants
feed almost all the heterotrophs (organisms that eat other
organisms) on Earth.
◎ There are an estimated 300,000 species of plants

known to science.
Similarities in Eukaryota Cell
Structure
As eukaryotic cells (A2.2.6),
animal, fungi and plant cells
share common structures:
● Nucleus
● Free and bound 80s ribosomes
● Rough endoplasmic reticulum
● Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
● Golgi apparatus
● Vesicles
● Lysosome
● Mitochondria
● Cytoskeleton
Differences in Cell Structure
Structure Animal Cell Fungi Cell Plant Cell
Plastids are double-

membrane organelles
which are responsible for ✔
manufacturing and Present, including
❌ ❌ chloroplasts for
storing of food. Plastids
Absent Absent photosynthesis (B2.2.5)
evolved by
and amyloplasts to store
endosymbiosis (A2.2.12).
starch (B1.1.5).
The cell wall is external

to the plasma membrane
❌ ✔ ✔
Absent Present, composed of Present, primarily
and provides strength chitin and other molecules. composed of cellulose
and protection against (B1.1.6).
mechanical and osmotic
stress. It also allows cells
to develop turgor
pressure, which is the
pressure of the cell
contents against the cell
wall (D2.3.6).
Vacuoles are
membrane- bound
✔ ✔
Present as small, Present as a large, permanent organelle. Used to store
organelles that store temporary structures that water and to cause turgor pressure against the cell wall
and/or remove water or expel excess water or (D2.3.6).
waste products. other waste products (
B2.2.3).
Vacuole
Centrioles are paired

cylindrical-shaped
✔ ❌
Are absent from most
✔
Are present in the male
Used to arrange the mitotic fungi, except a small
organelles composed of spindle during cell division
gametes of moss and
nine groups of three number that have a ferns.
(D2.1.6) and to serve as swimming male gamete.
microtubules organized anchor points for cilia and
with radial symmetry. flagella.
❌
Are absent in all conifers
and flowering plants.
Cilia and Flagella are

are extensions from the
✔ ❌
Are absent from most
✔
Are present in the male
Present in many animal fungi, except a small
cell surface which aid in cells, including in the male
gametes of moss and
cell movement. They number that have a ferns.
gamete (B2.3.10) swimming male gamete.
are formed from
modified centrioles
called a basal body.
❌
Are absent in all conifers
and flowering plants.
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A2.2.

◎ Plants are all multicellular eukaryotes with a

◎ There are an estimated 300,000 species of plants

Plastids are double-

The cell wall is external

Centrioles are paired

Cilia and Flagella are

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