Crop Sci 1 Notes PPT 2

Crop Sci 1
Principles of Crop Production

Romulo C. Salvador Sr., PhD
Associate Professor IV, CSU-CAA
NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF

PLANTS
College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries

Caraga State University
Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph
Chapter III. Nature and Composition of PlantsAmpayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph
3A. The Plant Cell: Parts and Function
3B. The Anatomical Regions of a Plant Body
3C.The Plant Organs

Chapter 3C. The Plant Organs Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph
Plant organs are divided into: Below

ground (roots) and Above ground
(shoot).
Root and shoot systems are made up of

Basic plant organs: roots, leaves,
stems,
flowers.
Photomicrographs of a) shoot and b) root meristem

Chapter 3C. The Plant Organs: Root System Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph
Roots
1. Anchorage and support in the soil

2. Absorption of plant nutrients and
water
Example: Corn absorbed >2 liters of water/day
3. Plant propagules for some plants
4. Nitrogen fixation for leguminous
nodulating plants associated with
bacteria (e.g. Rhizobium spp.)
5. Storage of water and carbohydrates
such as sweet potato, cassava, etc.
6. Soil conservation – prevent soil erosion
Type of Roots
characteristics of dicot plants characteristic of monocot plants

Different Types of Roots
Adventitious Roots Foliar Roots

• Roots that grow from any part • from leaves mainly petiole or
of the plant of the plant body vein (spontaneous or due to
other than radicle injury)
Different Types of Roots

 Roots can also be classified based on their functions
a.) storage roots

b.) aquatic
c.) brace
d.) aerial
 It is important to know the pattern of root growth where it is growing for the proper
placement of fertilizer. This will also guide the depth of the cultivation and how far
from the base of the plant, adaptation to particular soil, spacing, and depth of irrigation.
Roots: External Parts of the Roots
Root Cap
• Indicates growth of new cells.
Root Hairs
• Tiny one celled hair-like extensions of
the epidermal cells located near the
tips of roots.
• Increase surface area.
• Absorb water & minerals
Chapter 3C. The Plant Organs: Shoot System Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph
LEAVES - central axis with appendages that represents the above ground parts
with phototropic response.
1. As principal photosynthetic organs of

higher plants
2. Transpiration organ to regulate plant
body water through stomata
3. As storage organ (for specialized leaf)
4. As plant propagule
5. As ornamental for pigment color and
beauty of plants
Chapter 3C. The Plant Organs: Shoot System Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph
LEAVES: Tissue of the Leaves (Epidermis Layer)

Chapter 3C. The Plant Organs : Shoot System Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph
LEAVES: Tissue of the Leaves (Mesophyll Layer)

Chapter 3C. The Plant Organs : Shoot System
LEAVES: External Part

LEAVES: Leaf Forms

LEAVES: Leaf Arrangement
Simple
Compound
LEAVES: Leaf Margins

LEAVES: Leaf Tips

LEAVES: Leaf Bases

STEM - the organ which holds the leaves upright in the air and facing the light. It carries
water and minerals to the leaves, and food around a plant.
1. Conduction of water and mineral solutes

from the roots to other parts of the plant
via xylem vessels
2. Conduction of synthesize food from the
leaves to other parts of the plants via
phloem
3. Support of other plant organs such as
leaves and flowers
4. Storage of food materials as in
sugarcane
5. Manufacture carbohydrates in stems
containing chlorophyll
STEM – Internal Structure

STEM – Internal Structure

STEM – External Structure

STEM – Specialized Type of Stem (Modified Stem vs Modified

Roots - Tubers)
can be identified from roots by the

presence of nodes and internodes
STEM – Specialized Type of Stem
Tubers
• the terminal of the stem is fleshy and
stores food.
• The stem contains nodes and internodes
but due to swelling, they are not very
distinct.
• Presence of scaly leaves at nodes can be
seen as eyes or scars.
• Examples: Potato, Artichokes
Bulbs
• Stem is reduced and surrounded by scale

leaves, modified bulbs can be seen.
• Examples: Tulips, Lilies, Daffodils, Onion,

Garlic
Corms
• It is a short upright stem, covered with scaly

leaves. It is hard as compared to bulbs.
• Example: Colocasia, Yam, Saffron, gladiolus

Stolons
■ Stem that grows horizontally above
the soil surface
■ Examples
Strawberries
Airplane Plant
Rhizome
• It runs parallel to the ground, the upper

portion can produce scaly leaves and the
bottom portion can give rise to adventitious
roots. They contain, nodes, internodes and
buds.
• They store food.
• Examples: Ginger, turmeric.

Reproductive Structure – includes flower, fruit, and seed
FLOWER – contains the organs of plant reproduction. It attracts insects needed to carry
the pollen between plants to allow pollination. It is important for reproduction.
Reproductive Structure – includes flower, fruit, and seed
FLOWER – contains the organs of plant reproduction. It attracts insects needed to carry
the pollen between plants to allow pollination. It is important for reproduction.
MAJOR PARTS:
 Pistil/Carpel/gynoecium – female reproductive
parts
 Stamen – male reproductive parts
 Sepals – outer covering; collectively called calyx
 Petals – colored; collectively called corolla
 Perianth – combined corolla and calyx
 Pedicel – stalk of a flower
 Receptacle - enlarge base on which the floral
organs are arranged.
Reproductive Structure: FLOWER
Pistil/Carpel
 Ovary - enlarged portion at base of pistil
- produces ovules which develop into
seeds
 Stigma – receives the pollen grains
 Styles – support the stigma to be pollinated
-- connect the stigma to the ovary
Stamen
 Anther – produces pollen
 Filament – support the anther
Reproductive Structure – FLOWER

TYPES OF FLOWER:
 Complete flower -contains all the 4 whorls or
the major parts of the flower
 Incomplete flower – missing one of the four
major parts of the flower: stamen, pistil, sepal,
petal
 Perfect flower – contains both male and female
reproductive structures in one flower
 Imperfect flower – contains either male and
female reproductive structure in one flower
 Staminate – a male flower with sepals,
petals, ad stamen but no pistil
 Pistillate – a female flower with sepals,
petals, and pistil but no stamen
Chapter 3C. The Plant Organs : Shoot SystemAmpayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph

TYPES OF FLOWER:
 Imperfect flower …
 Monoecious – male and female flower

found in the same plant.
Example: Corn and squash
 Dioecious – male and female flower

found in separate plants
Example: Papaya
Chapter 3C. The Plant Organs : Shoot SystemAmpayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Ph

TYPES OF FLOWER:
 Imperfect flower …
 Monoecious – male and female flower

found in the same plant.
Example: Corn and squash
 Dioecious – male and female flower

found in separate plants
Example: Papaya
TYPES OF FLOWER: Rule of Thumb and BUTS
1. All complete flowers are perfect because they necessarily have both the stamen
and pistil
2. But not all perfect flowers are complete because even though both stamen and
pistil are present, the flower is incomplete due to the absence of either or both
the sepal and petal.
3. All imperfect flowers are incomplete because either the pistil or stamen is
lacking.
4. But not all incomplete flowers are imperfect because both the stamen and pistil
may be present and what makes the flower incomplete is the absence of either
sepal or pistil or both.
TYPES OF INFLORESCENCE
Reproductive Structure
FRUIT – is a ripened of mature ovary that contains the seeds

Reproductive Structure - FRUIT

STRUCTURE OF THE FRUIT:
3 DISTINCT LAYERS
1. Outermost part (exocarp/epicarp)

2. Middle part (mesocarp)
3. Inner part (endocarp)


CLASSIFICATION OF FRUITS :
Apple is a simple fruit



FLESHY or DRY - based on the nature of the fruit wall.


FLESHY FRUITS:

FLESHY FRUITS:

FLESHY FRUITS:

FLESHY FRUITS:

FLESHY FRUITS:

DRY FRUITS: may be Dehiscent and Indehiscent
Dehiscent
- are fruits that split open upon maturation
Indehiscent
- are those that do not split open at maturity
and are usually one or two seeded

DRY FRUITS: DEHISCENT - are fruits that split open upon maturation
1. Legume (pod) – is composed of a single
carpel and split both sides.
Ex.: soybeans, green beans, and peas
2. Follicle – is composed of a single carpel and

splits open along one suture
Ex.: milkweed, magnolias


DRY FRUITS: DEHISCENT - are fruits that split open upon maturation
3. Capsule – is composed of more than one
carpel that are united and form many seeded
fruits. It split open in various ways.
*Silique - a specialized form of capsule in the
mustard
Ex.: okra and cotton

DRY FRUITS: INDEHISCENT - are those that do not split open at maturity and are usually
one or two seeded. The pericarp remains intact when the fruit is shed from the plant.
1. Achene – a single-seeded fruit with seed that
lies free only at one place of the pericarp
Ex.: sunflower, strawberry, buckwheat
2. Caryopsis – the single seeds adheres to the
fruit wall (pericarp).

Ex.: corn, rice, barley, oat
3. Samara – is a winged-achene
Ex.: maple, elm, and ash
4. Nut – one seeded fruit with a stony pericarp
Ex.: oak, walnut, filbert, and hickory
Reproductive Structure - SEED

SEED - A miniature plant in arrested state of development. Botanically it is a mature or
ripened ovule.
PARTS of the SEEDS:
1. Embryo - minute plant produce from the union of male and female gamete, developing
plant still inside the seed
2. Storage tissue (endosperm) -stored food use to support the embryo during germination.
3. Seed Coat (Testa) – the outer,
protective layer covering the
seed
4. Seed leaf (Cotyledon) – the
embryonic leaf within a seed
PARTS of the SEEDS:

5. Hilum – the scar on a seed coat at the location where it was attached to the plants stalk
during development
6. Micropyle – the small pore in a seed that allows water absorption
7. Hypocotyl – the part of the stem of a sprouting plant that is above the root and below the
stalk of the cotyledon
8. Plumule – embryonic shoot
9. Radicle – embryonic root

TYPE OF SEEDS:
Orthodox Recalcitrant Intermidiate
Dries out naturally on Do not dry out normally on mother plant, Can withstand desiccation to about 10-
mother plant to a low MC shed in moist condition (50-70% MC) 12% MC and can be stored under hermetic
(≤ 20%) condition
Can be dried to low MC (< Seed larger than orthodox - embryo is only Lose viability more rapidly at low
5%) without damage 15% of the orthodox temperature (< 10°C) than at warm temp
(12-21°C)
Can be stored at low Decrease viability if MC is reduced below Ex.: coffee, oil palm, papaya, citrus sp., star
temperature critical values (12-30%) apple, chico, etc.
Ex.: rice, corn, beans, Susceptible to freezing (below 0°C) or

vegetables seeds, pili, etc. chilling (10-15°C)
Ex.: lettuce, wild rice, jackfruit, cacao,

rambutan, lanzones, etc.
Questions?


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Crop Sci 1

Principles of Crop Production

NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF

College of Agriculture and Agri-Industries

3A. The Plant Cell: Parts and Function

3B. The Anatomical Regions of a Plant Body

3C.The Plant Organs

Plant organs are divided into: Below

Root and shoot systems are made up of

Photomicrographs of a) shoot and b) root meristem

1. Anchorage and support in the soil

characteristics of dicot plants characteristic of monocot plants

Different Types of Roots

Adventitious Roots Foliar Roots

Different Types of Roots

a.) storage roots

Roots: External Parts of the Roots

1. As principal photosynthetic organs of

LEAVES: Tissue of the Leaves (Epidermis Layer)

LEAVES: Tissue of the Leaves (Mesophyll Layer)

LEAVES: External Part

LEAVES: Leaf Forms

LEAVES: Leaf Arrangement

LEAVES: Leaf Margins

LEAVES: Leaf Tips

LEAVES: Leaf Bases

1. Conduction of water and mineral solutes

STEM – Internal Structure

STEM – Internal Structure

STEM – External Structure

STEM – Specialized Type of Stem (Modified Stem vs Modified

can be identified from roots by the

STEM – Specialized Type of Stem

STEM – Specialized Type of Stem

• Stem is reduced and surrounded by scale

• Examples: Tulips, Lilies, Daffodils, Onion,

STEM – Specialized Type of Stem

• It is a short upright stem, covered with scaly

• Example: Colocasia, Yam, Saffron, gladiolus

STEM – Specialized Type of Stem

STEM – Specialized Type of Stem

• It runs parallel to the ground, the upper

• They store food.

• Examples: Ginger, turmeric.

Reproductive Structure – includes flower, fruit, and seed

Reproductive Structure – includes flower, fruit, and seed

Reproductive Structure: FLOWER

Reproductive Structure – FLOWER

Reproductive Structure – FLOWER

 Monoecious – male and female flower

 Dioecious – male and female flower

Reproductive Structure – FLOWER

 Monoecious – male and female flower

 Dioecious – male and female flower

Reproductive Structure – FLOWER

TYPES OF FLOWER: Rule of Thumb and BUTS

Reproductive Structure – FLOWER

FRUIT – is a ripened of mature ovary that contains the seeds

Reproductive Structure - FRUIT