Image Processing

DM432 - ITC432
WHAT IS AN IMAGE?
 Image
 Practically every scene around us involves images or image
processing.

 An image can be defined as a two dimensional signal analog or

digital that contains intensity or color information arranged
along x and y spatial axis.

 It can be defined as a two dimensional function f(x,y) where

the x and y are spatial co-ordinates. Here the amplitude of
function “ f ” at any pair of co-ordinates (x,y) is called the
intensity or gray level or the color of the image at that point.
Y

‘138’

F(x,y)

X
 Image Types
 There are two types of images, analog and digital.
 Simple example, let 1 represent white and 0 represent black
color.
 Analog Image

 Analog image is a two dimensional function of f(s,t) considered

in the continuous time domain.
 An image can be defined as a two dimensional function f(x,y)
where the x and y are spatial co-ordinates. Here the amplitude
of function “ f ” at any pair of co-ordinates (x,y) is called the
intensity or gray level or the color of the image at that point.
 When x, y and the amplitude values of f are
continuous quantities then the image is referred as
analog image.
 Analog Image
 Analog images are the type of images that we, as humans, look at.
They also include such things as photographs, paintings, TV
images, and all of our medical images recorded on film or
displayed on various display devices.
 What we see in an analog image is various levels of brightness (or
film density) and colors. It is generally continuous and not
broken into many small individual pieces.
 Analog images are required for human viewing.
 Digital Image
 An image can be defined as a two dimensional function f(x,y)
where the x and y are spatial co-ordinates. Here the amplitude
of function “ f ” at any pair of co-ordinates (x,y) is called the
intensity or gray level or the color of the image at that point.
 When x, y and the amplitude values of f are all finite and discrete
quantities then the image is referred as digital image. Digital
image processing refers to the processing of digital images by
means of digital computer.
 A digital image is composed of a finite number of elements, each
of which has a particular location and value. These elements
are referred to as pels, pixels, picture elements or image
elements
 Digital Image
 A digital image is a matrix of many small elements, or
pixels.
 Each pixel is represented by a numerical value. In general,
the pixel value is related to the brightness or color that we will
see when the digital image is converted into an analog image
for display and viewing.
A digital image is a representation of a
two- dimensional image as a finite set of
digital values, called picture elements or
pixels.
 Column
Row 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.62 0.37 0.85 0.97 0.93 0.92 0.99
0.95 0.89 0.82 0.89 0.56 0.31 0.75 0.92 0.81 0.95 0.91
0.89 0.72 0.51 0.55 0.51 0.42 0.57 0.41 0.49 0.91 0.92
0.96 0.95 0.88 0.94 0.56 0.46 0.91 0.87 0.90 0.97 0.95
0.71 0.81 0.81 0.87 0.57 0.37 0.80 0.88 0.89 0.79 0.85
0.49 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.50 0.60 0.58 0.50 0.61 0.45 0.33
0.86 0.84 0.74 0.58 0.51 0.39 0.73 0.92 0.91 0.49 0.74
0.96 0.67 0.54 0.85 0.48 0.37 0.88 0.90 0.94 0.82 0.93
0.69 0.49 0.56 0.66 0.43 0.42 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.90 0.99
0.79 0.73 0.90 0.67 0.33 0.61 0.69 0.79 0.73 0.93 0.97
0.91 0.94 0.89 0.49 0.41 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.89 0.99 0.93
Image Representation
A digital image is composed
of M rows and N columns of
pixels each storing a value
col

Pixel values are

most often grey
levels in the range
0-255(black-white)

f (row, col)
row
 Impact Digital Image
 Digital images are necessary in all modern medical imaging
methods. Because of the following functions that can be performed
with digital images :
1. Image reconstruction (CT, MRI, SPECT, PET, etc)
2. Image reformatting (Multi-plane, multi-view reconstructions)
3. Wide (dynamic) range image data acquisition (CT, digital
radiography, etc)
4. Image processing (to change contrast and other quality
characteristics)
5. Fast image storage and retrieval
6. Fast and high-quality image distribution
(teleradiology)
7. Controlled viewing (windowing, zooming, etc)
computer aided diagonisis)
8. Image analysis (measurements, calculation of various
Analog VS Digital Image
Grayscale intensity

0.92 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.62 0.37 0.85 0.97 0.93 0.92 0.99
0.95 0.89 0.82 0.89 0.56 0.31 0.75 0.92 0.81 0.95 0.91
0.89 0.72 0.51 0.55 0.51 0.42 0.57 0.41 0.49 0.91 0.92
0.96 0.95 0.88 0.94 0.56 0.46 0.91 0.87 0.90 0.97 0.95
0.71 0.81 0.81 0.87 0.57 0.37 0.80 0.88 0.89 0.79 0.85
0.49 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.50 0.60 0.58 0.50 0.61 0.45 0.33
0.86 0.84 0.74 0.58 0.51 0.39 0.73 0.92 0.91 0.49 0.74
0.96 0.67 0.54 0.85 0.48 0.37 0.88 0.90 0.94 0.82 0.93
0.69 0.49 0.56 0.66 0.43 0.42 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.90 0.99
0.79 0.73 0.90 0.67 0.33 0.61 0.69 0.79 0.73 0.93 0.97
0.91 0.94 0.89 0.49 0.41 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.89 0.99 0.93
 Column
Row 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.62 0.37 0.85 0.97 0.93 0.92 0.99
0.95 0.89 0.82 0.89 0.56 0.31 0.75 0.92 0.81 0.95 0.91
0.89 0.72 0.51 0.55 0.51 0.42 0.57 0.41 0.49 0.91 0.92
0.96 0.95 0.88 0.94 0.56 0.46 0.91 0.87 0.90 0.97 0.95
0.71 0.81 0.81 0.87 0.57 0.37 0.80 0.88 0.89 0.79 0.85
0.49 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.50 0.60 0.58 0.50 0.61 0.45 0.33
0.86 0.84 0.74 0.58 0.51 0.39 0.73 0.92 0.91 0.49 0.74
0.96 0.67 0.54 0.85 0.48 0.37 0.88 0.90 0.94 0.82 0.93
0.69 0.49 0.56 0.66 0.43 0.42 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.90 0.99
0.79 0.73 0.90 0.67 0.33 0.61 0.69 0.79 0.73 0.93 0.97
0.91 0.94 0.89 0.49 0.41 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.89 0.99 0.93
Color
R

B
 Column
Row 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.97 0.62 0.37 0.85 0.97 0.93 0.92 0.99 R
0.95 0.89 0.82 0.89 0.56 0.31 0.75 0.92 0.81 0.95 0.91
0.89
0.96
0.72
0.95
0.51
0.92
0.88
0.95
0.55
0.93
0.94
0.89
0.51
0.94
0.56
0.82
0.42
0.97
0.46
0.89
0.57
0.62
0.91
0.56
0.41
0.37
0.87
0.31
0.49
0.85
0.90
0.75
0.91
0.97
0.97
0.92
0.92
0.93
0.95
0.81
0.92
0.95
0.99
0.91
G
0.71 0.81 0.81 0.87 0.57 0.37 0.80 0.88 0.89 0.79 0.85
0.49 0.62
0.89
0.60
0.96
0.72
0.58
0.95
0.51
0.92
0.50
0.88
0.55
0.93
0.60
0.94
0.51
0.94
0.58
0.56
0.42
0.97
0.50
0.46
0.57
0.62
0.61
0.91
0.41
0.37
0.45
0.87
0.49
0.85
0.33
0.90
0.91
0.97
0.97
0.92
0.93
0.95
0.92 0.99 B
0.86 0.84 0.74 0.58 0.95
0.51 0.89
0.39 0.82
0.73 0.89
0.92 0.56
0.91 0.31
0.49 0.75
0.74 0.92 0.81 0.95 0.91
0.71 0.81 0.81 0.87 0.57 0.37 0.80 0.88 0.89 0.79 0.85
0.96 0.67 0.54 0.85 0.89
0.48 0.72
0.37 0.51
0.88 0.55
0.90 0.51
0.94 0.42
0.82 0.57
0.93 0.41 0.49 0.91 0.92
0.49 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.50 0.60 0.58 0.50 0.61 0.45 0.33
0.69 0.49 0.56 0.66 0.96
0.43 0.95
0.42 0.88
0.77 0.94
0.73 0.56
0.71 0.46
0.90 0.91
0.99 0.87 0.90 0.97 0.95
0.86 0.84 0.74 0.58 0.51 0.39 0.73 0.92 0.91 0.49 0.74
0.79 0.73 0.90 0.67 0.71
0.33 0.81
0.61 0.81
0.69 0.87
0.79 0.57
0.73 0.37
0.93 0.80
0.97 0.88 0.89 0.79 0.85
0.96 0.67 0.54 0.85 0.48 0.37 0.88 0.90 0.94 0.82 0.93
0.91 0.94 0.89 0.49 0.49
0.41 0.62
0.78 0.60
0.78 0.58
0.77 0.50
0.89 0.60
0.99 0.58
0.93 0.50 0.61 0.45 0.33
0.69 0.49 0.56 0.66 0.43 0.42 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.90 0.99
0.86 0.84 0.74 0.58 0.51 0.39 0.73 0.92 0.91 0.49 0.74
0.79 0.73 0.90 0.67 0.33 0.61 0.69 0.79 0.73 0.93 0.97
0.96 0.67 0.54 0.85 0.48 0.37 0.88 0.90 0.94 0.82 0.93
0.91 0.94 0.89 0.49 0.41 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.89 0.99 0.93
0.69 0.49 0.56 0.66 0.43 0.42 0.77 0.73 0.71 0.90 0.99
0.79 0.73 0.90 0.67 0.33 0.61 0.69 0.79 0.73 0.93 0.97
0.91 0.94 0.89 0.49 0.41 0.78 0.78 0.77 0.89 0.99 0.93