The document discusses digital images including their representation as a set of pixels, energy sources, and processing. Digital image processing focuses on improving images for human interpretation and processing images for storage, transmission and machine perception. Applications mentioned include satellite imaging, animation, medicine, law enforcement and human-computer interaction.
The document discusses digital images including their representation as a set of pixels, energy sources, and processing. Digital image processing focuses on improving images for human interpretation and processing images for storage, transmission and machine perception. Applications mentioned include satellite imaging, animation, medicine, law enforcement and human-computer interaction.
The document discusses digital images including their representation as a set of pixels, energy sources, and processing. Digital image processing focuses on improving images for human interpretation and processing images for storage, transmission and machine perception. Applications mentioned include satellite imaging, animation, medicine, law enforcement and human-computer interaction.
The document discusses digital images including their representation as a set of pixels, energy sources, and processing. Digital image processing focuses on improving images for human interpretation and processing images for storage, transmission and machine perception. Applications mentioned include satellite imaging, animation, medicine, law enforcement and human-computer interaction.
• A digital image is a representation of a two- dimensional function f(x,y) as a finite set of digital values, called picture elements or pixels
2 Energy Source of Images • The principal energy source for images in use today is the electromagnetic (EM)energy spectrum. • Synthetic images, used for modeling and visualization, are generated by computer. • Electromagnetic waves can be conceptualized as propagating sinusoidal waves of varying wavelengths, or they can be thought of as a stream of massless particles, each traveling in a wavelike pattern and moving at the speed of light. • Each mass-less particle contains a certain amount (or bundle) of energy. Each bundle of energy is called a photon. • If spectral bands are grouped according to energy per photon, we obtain the spectrum
3 What is Digital Image? (Cont.) • Pixel values typically represent intensity, gray levels, colours, heights, depths, opacities etc • Remember digitization implies that a digital image is an approximation of a real scene. 1 pixel
• When x, y, and the intensity values of f are all finite,
discrete quantities, we call the image a digital image. 4 What is Digital Image Processing? • Digital image processing focuses on two major tasks o Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation o Processing of image data for storage, transmission and representation for autonomous machine perception • No General agreement where Image Processing Starts and Stops • Image Processing • Computer Vision • Artificial Intelligence
5 Digital Image Processing • The continuum from image processing to computer vision can be broken up into low-, mid- and high-level processes
Low Level Process Mid Level Process High Level Process
6 Few Applications: Satellite Imaging • Launched in 1990 the Hubble telescope can take images of very distant objects • However, an incorrect mirror made many of Hubble’s images useless • Image processing techniques were used to fix this
7 Animation • Artistic effects are used to make images more visually appealing, to add special effects and to make composite images
8 Medicine Take slice from MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan of a heart, and find boundaries between types of tissue o Image with gray levels representing tissue density o Use a suitable filter to highlight edges
9 Law Enforcement •Image processing techniques are used extensively by law enforcers o Number plate recognition for speed cameras/automated toll systems o Fingerprint recognition
Embedded Image Processing 10
Human Computer Interaction •Try to make human computer interfaces more natural o Face recognition o Gesture recognition •Does anyone remember the user interface from “Minority Report”? •These tasks can be extremely difficult
Embedded Image Processing 11
Digital Image Representation ➢ A digital image is an image f(x,y) that has been digitized both in spatial coordinates and brightness. ➢ The value of f at any point (x,y) is proportional to the brightness (or gray level) of the image at that point.
0 f (i, j) 2bpp 12 Color Image • Separate Channel for different color o RGB • Some model separates Color information from Brightness intensity o HSI
13 Coordinate Convention
FIGURE: Coordinate convention to represent Digital Image
14 Matrix Flattening • For performance reasons we usually do not store images in the matrix fashion when coding image processing algorithms in Embedded Systems. • There are two prevalent ordering schemes for storing flattened 2D matrices: o Row-major and o Column-major.
