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Image processing basics

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Anil
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2 views

Image processing basics

Uploaded by

Anil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Image processing is the field of computer science and engineering that involves performing operations

on images to enhance, analyze, or extract information. Below is an overview of the basics of image
processing:

1. What is an Image?

 An image is a representation of a visual perception stored as a grid of pixels (picture elements).

 Each pixel represents the smallest unit of an image and typically has an associated intensity or
color.

2. Types of Images

1. Binary Image:

o Pixels are either black (0) or white (1).

o Used for simple analysis, like edge detection or segmentation.

2. Grayscale Image:

o Each pixel has an intensity value ranging from 0 (black) to 255 (white).

o Common for image analysis tasks.

3. Color Image:

o Composed of multiple color channels, typically Red, Green, and Blue (RGB).

o Each pixel has a combination of values for each channel.

4. Multispectral/Hyper-spectral Images:

o Contains more than the standard three color channels.

o Used in specialized fields like satellite imagery.

3. Image Representation

 2D Array: Images can be represented as a matrix of pixel values.

 Color Images: Represented as a 3D array (e.g., height × width × channels).

4. Image Processing Operations

Spatial Domain Techniques

1. Point Operations:
o Apply a transformation to each pixel individually.

o Example: Brightness adjustment, contrast stretching.

2. Neighborhood Operations:

o Consider the value of a pixel along with its neighbors.

o Example: Smoothing (averaging), sharpening, edge detection.

Frequency Domain Techniques

1. Fourier Transform:

o Converts the image from the spatial domain to the frequency domain.

o Useful for filtering, noise reduction, and image compression.

2. Filtering in Frequency Domain:

o Low-pass filters: Remove high-frequency noise, resulting in a smoother image.

o High-pass filters: Enhance edges and fine details.

5. Common Image Processing Techniques

1. Image Enhancement:

o Improving the visual quality of an image.

o Techniques: Histogram equalization, sharpening, and noise reduction.

2. Image Restoration:

o Correcting degradation in images caused by noise or blurring.

o Techniques: Deconvolution, Wiener filtering.

3. Image Segmentation:

o Dividing an image into meaningful parts or objects.

o Techniques: Thresholding, edge detection, region-growing.

4. Morphological Operations:

o Used on binary images to analyze structures.

o Operations: Erosion, dilation, opening, closing.

5. Image Compression:

o Reducing the storage size of an image.

o Methods: JPEG (lossy), PNG (lossless).


6. Edge Detection:

o Identifying boundaries within images.

o Algorithms: Sobel, Prewitt, Canny.

7. Feature Extraction:

o Identifying and describing objects in an image.

o Examples: Corners, edges, blobs, texture.

6. Tools and Libraries for Image Processing

 OpenCV: Popular library for real-time computer vision and image processing.

 Pillow (PIL): Python Imaging Library for basic image processing tasks.

 MATLAB: Extensively used in academia for image processing.

 Scikit-Image: Python library for advanced image processing.

 TensorFlow/Keras: For deep learning-based image analysis.

7. Applications of Image Processing

 Medical Imaging: Analyzing X-rays, MRIs, and CT scans.

 Computer Vision: Facial recognition, object detection, and scene understanding.

 Remote Sensing: Analyzing satellite and aerial imagery.

 Quality Control: Inspecting manufacturing defects.

 Entertainment: Photo editing, visual effects, and animation.

8. Basic Steps in Image Processing

1. Image Acquisition: Capture or obtain the image.

2. Preprocessing: Remove noise or artifacts.

3. Transformation: Convert the image into a form suitable for analysis (e.g., resizing, filtering).

4. Analysis: Extract information or make decisions based on the image.

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