Introduction to Matlab

CSE-318
What is Matlab?
 Matlab is basically a high level language
which has many specialized toolboxes for
making things easier for us
 Provide interactive environment for numerical
computation, visualization and programming.
 Developed by MathWorks
 MATLAB- Matrix Laboratory
 Typical Uses:
• Math and Computation
• Signal processing and Communications
• Data Acquisition
• Modeling, Simulation and Prototyping
• Data analysis, exploration and visualization
• Scientific and Engineering graphics
• Application development, including graphical
user interface building
What are we interested in?
 MatLab is too broad for our purposes in
this course.
 The features we are going to require is
MatLab

Command
m-files mat-files
Line

functions Series of build in

commands and
math functions
MatLab
• The MATLAB environment is command oriented
somewhat like UNIX.
• A prompt appears on the screen and a MATLAB
statement can be entered.
• When the <ENTER> key is pressed, the
statement is executed, and another prompt
appears.
• If a statement is terminated with a semicolon ( ;
), no results will be displayed.
• Otherwise results will appear before the next
prompt.
 MatLab Screen
 Command Window
 type commands

 Current Directory
 View folders and m-files

 Workspace
 View program variables
 Double click on a variable
to see it in the Array Editor

 Command History
 view past commands
 save a whole session
using diary
Variables

 Must start with a letter

 May contain only letters, digits, and the underscore “_”
 MatLab is case sensitive.

MATLAB variables are created with an assignment statement. The

syntax of variable assignment is-
variable name = a value (or an expression)

- where expression is a combination of numerical values, mathematical

operators, variables, and function calls
Variables
 No need for types. i.e.,

int a;
double b;
float c;

 All variables are created with double precision unless

specified and they are matrices.
Example:
>>x=5;
>>x1=2;

 After these statements, the variables are 1x1 matrices with

double precision
>> x=[1 2 3] When defining variables, a space or
x = comma separates elements on a
1 2 3 row.

>> x=[1,2,3]
x =
1 2 3

>> x=[1 A newline or semicolon forces a

2 new row; these 2 statements are
3 equivalent.
4]; NB. you can break definitions across
>> x=[1;2;3;4] multiple lines.

x =
1
2
3
4
 Array, Matrix
 a vector x = [1 2 5 1]

x =
1 2 5 1

 a matrix x = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 -1]

x =
1 2 3
5 1 4
3 2 -1

 transpose y = x’ y =
1 5 3
2 1 2
3 4 -1
 Long Array, Matrix
 t =1:10 t = start : end

t =
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
 k =2:-0.5:-1 k = start : increment : end

k =
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1

 x = [1:4; 5:8]

x =
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
 Generating Vectors from functions
 zeros(M,N) MxN matrix of zeros x = zeros(1,3)
x =
0 0 0

 ones(M,N) MxN matrix of ones

x = ones(1,3)
x =
1 1 1
 rand(M,N) MxN matrix of uniformly
distributed random x = rand(1,3)
numbers on (0,1) x =
0.9501 0.2311 0.6068
 Matrix Index
 The matrix indices begin from 1 (not 0 (as in C))
 The matrix indices must be positive integer
Given:

A(-2), A(0)

Error: ??? Subscript indices must either be real positive integers or logicals.

A(4,2)
Error: ??? Index exceeds matrix dimensions.
 Concatenation of Matrices
 x = [1 2], y = [4 5], z=[ 0 0]

A = [ x y]

1 2 4 5

B = [x ; y]

1 2
4 5

C = [x y ;z]
Error:
??? Error using ==> vertcat CAT arguments dimensions are not consistent.
Operators (arithmetic)
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
^ power
‘ complex conjugate transpose
Built-in Functions
Trigonometric sin, cos, tan, sin, acos, atan,
functions sinh, cosh, tanh, asinh,
acosh, atanh, csc, sec, cot,
acsc, …
Exponential exp, log, log10, sqrt
functions
Complex abs, angle, imag, real, conj
functions
Rounding and floor, ceil, round, mod, rem,
Remainder sign
functions
Matrices Operations

Given A and B:

Addition Subtraction Product Transpose

Operators (Element by Element)

.* element-by-element multiplication
./ element-by-element division
.^ element-by-element power
 The use of “.” – “Element” Operation
A = [1 2 3; 5 1 4; 3 2 -1]
A=
1 2 3
5 1 4
3 2 -1

b = x .* y c=x./y d = x .^2
x = A(1,:) y = A(3 ,:)
b= c= d=
x= y= 3 8 -3 0.33 0.5 -3 1 4 9
1 2 3 3 4 -1
K= x^2
Error:
??? Error using ==> mpower Matrix must be square.
B=x*y
Error:
??? Error using ==> mtimes Inner matrix dimensions must agree.
Input and Output

 >> x=input('please enter a number')

 please enter a number100
 x=
 100
 >> fprintf('%d',x)
 100
Operators (relational, logical)

 == Equal to
 ~= Not equal to
 < Strictly smaller
 > Strictly greater
 <= Smaller than or equal to
 >= Greater than equal to
 & And operator
 | Or operator
Flow Control

 if
 for
 while
 break
 ….
Control Structures
Some Dummy Examples
 If Statement Syntax
if ((a>3) & (b==5))
Some Matlab Commands;
if (Condition_1) end
Matlab Commands
if (a<3)
elseif (Condition_2) Some Matlab Commands;
Matlab Commands elseif (b~=5)
Some Matlab Commands;
elseif (Condition_3) end
Matlab Commands
if (a<3)
else Some Matlab Commands;
Matlab Commands else
end Some Matlab Commands;
end
Control Structures
Some Dummy Examples
 For loop syntax for i=1:100
Some Matlab Commands;
end

for i=Index_Array for j=1:3:200

Some Matlab Commands;
Matlab Commands end

end for m=13:-0.2:-21

Some Matlab Commands;
end

for k=[0.1 0.3 -13 12 7 -9.3]

Some Matlab Commands;
end
Control Structures

 While Loop Syntax

Dummy Example
while (condition)
Matlab Commands while ((a>3) & (b==5))
Some Matlab Commands;
end end
 Example
x=ceil(10*rand(1,1));
y=input(‘Guess my number between 1 and 10:’);
if(x==y)
‘you are right’
elseif(x>y)
‘No,my number is smaller’
else
‘No,my number is greater’
end
 Another example:
x=ceil(10*rand(1,1));
sum=0;
for y=1:x
sum=sum+y;
end

Task:
Output the summation of each content of a
matrix
 Use of M-File
Click to create
a new M-File

• Extension “.m”
• A text file containing script or function or program to run
Use of M-File Save file as Denem430.m

If you include “;” at the

end of each statement,
result will not be shown
immediately
Writing User Defined Functions

 Functions are m-files which can be executed by

specifying some inputs and supply some desired outputs.
 The code telling the Matlab that an m-file is actually a
function is
function out1=functionname(in1)
function out1=functionname(in1,in2,in3)
function [out1,out2]=functionname(in1,in2)

 You should write this command at the beginning of the

m-file and you should save the m-file with a file name
same as the function name
Writing User Defined Functions
 Examples
 Write a function : out=squarer (A, ind)

 Which takes the square of the input matrix if the input

indicator is equal to 1
 And takes the element by element square of the input
matrix if the input indicator is equal to 2

Same Name
Writing User Defined Functions
 Another function which takes an input array and returns the sum and product
of its elements as outputs

 The function sumprod(.) can be called from command window or an m-file as

Notes:
 “%” is the neglect sign for Matlab (equaivalent
of “//” in C). Anything after it on the same line
is neglected by Matlab compiler.
 Sometimes slowing down the execution is
done deliberately for observation purposes.
You can use the command “pause” for this
purpose
pause %wait until any key
pause(3) %wait 3 seconds
Useful Commands

 The two commands used most by Matlab

users are
>>help functionname

>>lookfor keyword
Basic Task: Plot the function sin(x)
between 0≤x≤4π
 Create an x-array of 100 samples between 0
and 4π.

>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100);

 Calculate sin(.) of the x-array

1

0.8

0.6

>>y=sin(x); 0.4

0.2

 Plot the y-array -0.2

-0.4

-0.6

>>plot(y) -0.8

-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Plot the function e-x/3sin(x) between
0≤x≤4π
 Create an x-array of 100 samples between 0
and 4π.
>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100);

 Calculate sin(.) of the x-array

>>y=sin(x);

 Calculate e-x/3 of the x-array

>>y1=exp(-x/3);

 Multiply the arrays y and y1

>>y2=y*y1;
Plot the function e-x/3sin(x) between
0≤x≤4π
 Multiply the arrays y and y1 correctly
>>y2=y.*y1;

 Plot the y2-array

0.7

>>plot(y2) 0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Display Facilities 0.7

0.6

0.5

 plot(.) 0.4

0.3

Example:
0.2

0.1
>>x=linspace(0,4*pi,100); 0

>>y=sin(x); -0.1

>>plot(y) -0.2

>>plot(x,y) -0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0.7

 stem(.) 0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

Example:
0.2

0.1

>>stem(y) 0

>>stem(x,y) -0.1

-0.2

-0.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Display Facilities
Setting Colors on Graph:
Code Code
w White
k Black
b Blue
r Red
c Cyan
g Green
m Magenta
y Yellow
 Display Facilities

 title(.)
>>title(‘This is the sinus function’)
This is the sinus function
1

0.8

 xlabel(.) 0.6

0.4

>>xlabel(‘x (secs)’) 0.2

sin(x)
0

 ylabel(.) -0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8
>>ylabel(‘sin(x)’) -1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
x (secs)
Thank You…