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    Unit 4 Boltzmann Equn

    Uploaded by

    Amrita Rajesh
    Physics boltzmann equation

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Unit 4 Boltzmann Equn

    Uploaded by

    Amrita Rajesh
    2 views6 pages
    Physics boltzmann equation

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Physics boltzmann equation

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    2 views6 pages

    Unit 4 Boltzmann Equn

    Uploaded by

    Amrita Rajesh
    Physics boltzmann equation

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Boltzmann Transport equation

    Boltzmann Transport equation (BTE) is very useful in understanding the transport properties such as electrical conductivity,
    thermal conductivity, and thermoelectric power.

    This equation is used to determine the distribution function of particles (electrons) in the phase space (r, k).

    Consider simply a particle present in a simple 1D space (in


    phase space 1D has two coordinates x and px). The probability
    of a particle occupying a particular state at equilibrium
    condition can be expressed through Fermi function.

    Question is how this probability or distribution function looks


    like in 3D space and how it affects with collision or force of
    the electrons?
    BTE is a semi-classical equation considering electron as semi-classical particle which obeys following modified Newtons
    equations.

    ⃗)
    𝑑(ħ𝑘
    =− ∇ 𝑟 𝐸 𝐶 ( 𝑟 ) =− 𝑞 ⃗
    𝜉 (⃗
    𝑟)
    𝑑𝑡 - momentum
    𝑡
    ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
    ħ 𝑘 ( 𝑡 )= ħ 𝑘 ( 0 ) +∫ − 𝑞 𝜉 ( 𝑡 ′ ) 𝑑𝑡 ′
    - conduction band bottom energy

    0 - Electric field
    1
    ⃗ 𝑔 ( 𝑡 )=
    𝑣
    ħ
    ∇𝑘 𝐸 [𝑘
    ⃗ (𝑡)]

    𝑡
    𝑟 ⃗ ( 0 ) +∫ ⃗
    ⃗ ( 𝑡 ) =𝑟 𝑣 𝑔 ( 𝑡 ′ ) 𝑑𝑡 ′
    0
    𝑘 ⟩ =𝑒
    |⃗ 𝑖𝑘 . 𝑟
    Consider the electron present in an energy band described 𝜓
    by Bloch 𝑟⃗ )=
    𝑘 (function
    ⃗)
    𝑢𝑘 ( 𝑟

    The number of electrons per unit volume whose wavevectors lie in the interval (k - k+dk) is
    2 ⃗ ⃗
    𝑓 ( 𝑘, ⃗
    𝑟 ) 𝑑𝑘
    ( 2 𝜋 )3

    where the factor 2 is the spin weight. In equilibrium f (k, r) becomes the Fermi-Dirac distribution function f0(E), but deviates from f0(E) in the
    presence of the electric field, magnetic field, temperature gradient, and so on. There are two contributions to
    this time dependence, (i) from the external force (the drift term) and (ii) the collisions (the
    collision term),

    If we consider the evolution of a particle as in this graph, the function in the dimension
    drdk is f(k,r,t) and the same function is f(k’, r’, t - 𝛥t) in dr’dk’.

    If there is no collision only external force is applied, then


    𝑓 ⃗ ,𝑟
    (𝑘 ⃗ , 𝑡 )= 𝑓 (⃗
    𝑘, ′ ⃗ ′ 𝑡 − 𝛥𝑡 )
    ,𝑟
    𝜕 𝑓
    =0Its called as Collison less
    𝜕 𝑡 BTE – Ballistic transport
    The above equation can be written as

    𝜕 𝑓 𝜕 𝑝𝑥
    𝜕𝑓
    𝜕𝑡
    =
    𝜕𝑓
    𝜕𝑡 ( ) 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 +
    𝜕 𝑓 𝜕𝑥
    +
    𝜕 𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑝𝑥 𝜕𝑡
    =0

    𝜕𝑓
    𝜕𝑡
    =
    𝜕𝑓
    𝜕𝑡 ( ) 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 +
    𝜕𝑓
    𝜕𝑥
    𝑣 𝑥+
    𝜕𝑓
    𝜕 𝑝𝑥
    𝐹 𝑥 =0

    For three dimensions,

    ( ) 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 +⃗𝑣 ∇ 𝑓 + ⃗𝐹 . ∇ 𝑓 =0
    𝜕𝑓
    𝜕𝑡 𝑟 𝑒 𝑝

    ( 𝜕𝑡 )
    𝜕𝑓
    𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 = ⃗
    − 𝑣 ∇ 𝑓 − ⃗
    𝐹 . ∇ 𝑓 =0 𝑟 𝑒 𝑝

    Assumptions considered in above collision less BTE

    1. Semiclassical treatment of electrons in a crystal with E(k)


    2. Neglected generation and recombination
    3. Neglected e-e correlations (mean field approximation)
    Whereas, the collision term can be written as

    Where f0 – equilibrium distribution function


    f – distribution function after a collision
    τ – relaxation time

    We consider the general Boltzmann equation


    𝑑𝑓
    𝑑𝑡
    =
    𝜕 𝑓
    𝜕𝑡 ( ) 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡
    + ( 𝜕 𝑓
    𝜕𝑡 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖

    𝑑𝑓
    In the steady state, =0
    𝑑𝑡

    ( 𝜕 𝑓
    𝜕𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡
    + ( 𝜕 𝑓
    𝜕𝑡 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖
    =0

    1
    𝑓 =𝑓 0− 𝜏 ⃗
    𝑣 . ∇𝑟 𝑓 − 𝜏⃗ This
    𝐹 ∇𝑘 𝑓 equation is called the Boltzmann transport equation.
    ħ

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