UNIT-II

MAGNETOSTATIC FIELDS
A magnetostatic field is produced by the charges which are moving with constant velocity or direct current.
Application: The motors, transformers, microphones, telephone bell ringers, television focusing controls,
advertising displays, memory stores, magnetic separators.
There are two major laws governing magnetostatic fields: (1) Biot-Savart's law (2) Ampere's circuit law.
BIOT-SAVART'S LAW:
Biot-Savart's law states that the magnetic field intensity dH
produced at a point P, as shown in Fig by the differential
current element Idl is proportional to the product Idl and the
sine of the angle α between the element and the line joining P
to the element and is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance R between P and the element.

𝐈𝐝𝐥 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂
That is 𝐝𝐇 ∝ 𝐑𝟐

𝐈𝐝𝐥 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂
𝐝𝐇 = 𝐊 𝐑𝟐
Where k is the constant of proportionality.
In SI units, k = l/4п, so above equation becomes Fig. Magnetic field dH at P due to
𝐈𝐝𝐥 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂
𝐝𝐇 = 𝟒𝛑𝐑𝟐 current element I dl.
From the definition of cross product the above equation becomes
̅ ̅ ̅
̅ = 𝐈𝐝𝐥×𝐚̅𝟐𝐑 = 𝐈𝐝𝐥×𝐑𝟑
𝐝𝐇 𝟒𝛑𝐑 𝟒𝛑𝐑

̅
Where R = |R ̅| and a̅R = R
R
we have different current distributions such as: line current, surface current, and volume current as shown
in Fig.
If we define K as the surface current density (in amperes/meter) and J as the volume current density (in
amperes/meter square), the source elements are related as 𝐈𝐝𝐥̅ = 𝐤̅𝐝𝐒 = 𝐣̅𝐝𝐯

The total magnetic field intensity is given by

𝐈𝐝𝐥̅ × 𝐚̅𝐑
̅ =∫
𝐇 (𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭)
𝟐
𝐋 𝟒𝛑𝐑

𝐤̅𝐝𝐬 × 𝐚̅𝐑
̅=∫
𝐇 (𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭)
𝟐
𝐒 𝟒𝛑𝐑

𝐣̅𝐝𝐯 × 𝐚̅𝐑
̅=∫
𝐇 (𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭)
𝟐
𝐯 𝟒𝛑𝐑
Fig. (a) line current, (b) surface current, (c) volume current.
Magnetic field intensity due straight conductor of finite length:
Consider a straight current carrying conductor of finite length AB along z-axis with its upper and lower
ends subtending angles α2 and α1 at P respectively. It carries direct current I. Consider current element 𝐈𝐝𝐥̅
on the z axis at distance from origin. According to biot-savart’s law dH at P due to an element dl at (0, 0, z)
is given by
̅ ̅
̅ = 𝐈𝐝𝐥×𝐑𝟑
𝐝𝐇 ----------(1)
𝟒𝛑𝐑
But
𝐝𝐥̅ = 𝐝𝐳𝐚̅𝐳
̅ = 𝛒𝐚̅𝛒 − 𝐳𝐚̅𝐳
𝐑
𝑹 = √𝝆𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐
𝐝𝐥̅ × 𝐑
̅ = 𝛒𝐝𝐳𝐚̅𝛟 -----------(2)
Substitute equation (2) in equation (1) then
𝐝𝐇̅ = 𝐈𝛒𝐝𝐳𝐚̅𝛟 𝟑
𝟒𝛑[𝝆𝟐 +𝒛𝟐 ]𝟐
The total magnetic field intensity is given by

𝐈𝛒𝐝𝐳
̅=∫
𝐇 𝟑 𝐚̅𝛟 Fig. Finite straight conductor.
𝟒𝛑[𝛒𝟐 +𝐳 𝟐 ]𝟐
𝐈𝛒𝐝𝐳
Let z=ρcot α and dz=-ρcosec2α ̅ =∫
then above equation becomes 𝐇 𝟑 𝐚̅𝛟
𝟒𝛑[𝛒𝟐 +𝛒𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝛂]𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
̅ = − 𝐈 ∫𝛂𝟐 𝛒 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝐇
𝛂 𝐝𝛂
𝐚̅𝛟
𝟒𝛑 𝛂 𝛒𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑 𝛂
𝟏

𝐈 𝛂𝟐
̅=−
𝐇 ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂 𝐝𝛂𝐚̅𝛟
𝟒𝛑𝛒 𝛂𝟏

̅ = − 𝐈 [− 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂]𝛂𝛂𝟐 𝐚̅𝛟

𝐇 𝟒𝛑𝛒 𝟏

̅ = 𝐈 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂𝟐 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂𝟏 )𝐚̅𝛟

𝐇 𝟒𝛑𝛒

Case(1): If conductor is semi infinite then α1=90◦ and α2=0◦

̅ = 𝐈 𝐚̅𝛟
𝐇 𝟒𝛑𝛒
Case(2): If conductor is infinite then α1=180◦ and α2=0◦
̅ = 𝐈 𝐚̅𝛟
𝐇 𝟐𝛑𝛒
Magnetic field intensity on axis of circular current loop:
Consider the circular current loop with radius ρ in xy plane with z axis its
axis as shown in Fig. It carries direct current I. The magnetic field
intensity dH at point P(0, 0, h) contributed by current element 𝐈𝐝𝐥̅ is given
by Biot-Savart's law
̅ ̅
̅ = 𝐈𝐝𝐥×𝐑𝟑 ----------(1)
𝐝𝐇 𝟒𝛑𝐑
Where 𝐝𝐥̅ = 𝛒𝐝𝛟𝐚̅𝛟
 ̅ = −𝛒𝐚̅𝛒 + 𝐡𝐚̅𝐳
𝐑
𝑹 = √𝝆𝟐 + 𝒉𝟐
𝐝𝐥̅ × 𝐑
̅ = 𝛒𝐝𝛟𝐚̅𝛟 × (−𝛒𝐚̅𝛒 + 𝐡𝐚̅𝐳 )
𝐝𝐥̅ × 𝐑
̅ = 𝛒𝐡𝐝𝛟𝐚̅𝛒 + 𝛒𝟐 𝐝𝛟𝐚̅𝐳
Substitue the above equations in equation (1) then we get
𝐈
𝐝𝐇̅= 𝟑 (𝛒𝐡𝐝𝛟𝐚 ̅𝛒 + 𝛒𝟐 𝐝𝛟𝐚̅𝐳 )
𝟒𝛑[𝛒𝟐 +𝐡𝟐 ]𝟐
The total magnetic field is given
𝐈
𝐇̅=∫ 𝟑 (𝛒𝐡𝐝𝛟𝐚̅𝛒 + 𝛒𝟐 𝐝𝛟𝐚̅𝐳 )
𝟒𝛑[𝛒𝟐 +𝐡𝟐 ]𝟐
Due to symmetry all radial components get cancel to each other.

𝐈 𝛒𝟐 𝐝𝛟
Therefore ̅ = ∫𝟐𝛑
𝐇 𝟑 𝐚̅𝐳
𝟎
𝟒𝛑[𝛒𝟐 +𝐡𝟐 ]𝟐
𝐈𝛒 𝟐 𝟐𝛑
̅=
𝐇 𝟑 ∫𝟎 𝐝𝛟 𝐚̅𝐳
𝟒𝛑[𝛒𝟐 +𝐡𝟐 ]𝟐
𝐈 𝛒𝟐
̅=
𝐇 𝟑 𝟐𝛑𝐚 ̅𝐳
𝟒𝛑[𝛒𝟐 +𝐡𝟐 ]𝟐
The magnetic field intensity on axis of the circular current loop is given by

𝐈 𝛒𝟐
̅=
𝐇 𝟑 𝐚̅𝐳
𝟐[𝛒𝟐 +𝐡𝟐 ]𝟐
Note: If h=0, then the magnetic field intensity at center of the circular current loop is given by
𝐈
̅=
𝐇 𝐚̅
𝟐𝛒 𝐳
AMPERE'S CIRCUIT LAW:
Ampere's circuit law states that the line integral of H around a closed path is the same as the net current I
enclosed by the path.
In other words, the circulation of H equals I, that is,

̅ . 𝐝𝐥̅ = 𝐈
∮𝐇 ------------- (1)

By applying Stoke's theorem to the left-hand side of eq. (1), we obtain

∮𝐇̅ . 𝐝𝐥̅ = ∫ (𝛁 × 𝐇 ̅ ). 𝐝𝐒̅ --------------- (2)
𝐒
But 𝐈 = ∫𝐒 𝐉̅. 𝐝𝐒̅ ---------------- (3)
Substitue the equations (2) and (3) in equation (1) then we get
∫𝐒(𝛁 × 𝐇̅ ). 𝐝𝐒̅ = ∫ 𝐉̅. 𝐝𝐒̅
𝐒
Finally 𝛁×𝐇 =𝐉̅ ̅
This is ampere’s law in point form. This is the third Maxexwell’s equation.
APPLICATIONS OF AMPERE'S LAW:
Ampere's circuit law is used to determine H for symmetrical current distributions.
Infinite Line Current:
Let us consider an infinite line conductor that carries current I and lies along the z-axis as in Fig. To
determine H at point P, construct a closed path passing through P around the conductor. It is also called as
an Amperian path.
According to ampere’s law ∮ 𝐇 ̅ . 𝐝𝐥̅ = 𝐈 ------------- (1)
̅
H has only Hϕ component and 𝐝𝐥 = 𝛒𝐝𝛟𝐚̅𝛟
𝟐𝛑
Therefore ∫𝟎 𝐇𝛟 𝐚̅𝛟 ∙ 𝛒𝐝𝛟𝐚̅𝛟 = 𝐈

𝟐𝛑
∫𝟎 𝐇𝛟 𝛒𝐝𝛟 = 𝐈

𝟐𝛑
𝐇𝛟 𝛒 ∫𝟎 𝐝𝛟 = 𝐈
𝐇𝛟 𝛒𝟐𝛑 = 𝐈
𝐈
𝐇𝛟 = 𝟐𝛑𝛒
The magnetic field intensity is given by
̅ = 𝐈 𝐚̅𝛟
𝐇 Fig. Ampere's law applied to an infinite line current.
𝟐𝛑𝛒

Infinite Sheet of Current:

Consider an infinite current sheet carrying a uniform current density 𝐊 ̅ = 𝐊 𝐲 𝐚̅𝐲 𝐀/𝐦 in the z = 0 plane
as shown in Fig. Construct the rectangular closed path of length a and width b around the infinite current
sheet as shown in fig.
According to ampere’s law ∮ 𝐇 ̅ . 𝐝𝐥̅ = 𝐈 = 𝐊 𝐲 𝐛 ------------- (1)
̅
𝐇 has only x-component and remaining components are get cancelled to each other due to symmetry .
̅=
𝐇
𝐇𝟎 𝐚̅𝐱 𝐳>0
{ ------- (2)
−𝐇𝟎 𝐚̅𝐱 𝐳<0
Where H0 the component along the x-direction.
Evaluating the line integral of H in eq. (1) along the
closed path 1-2-3-4-1 gives
∮𝐇̅ . 𝐝𝐥̅ = ∫𝟐 𝐇
̅ . 𝐝𝐥̅ + ∫𝟑 𝐇̅ . 𝐝𝐥̅ + ∫𝟒 𝐇 ̅ . 𝐝𝐥̅ + ∫𝟏 𝐇
̅ . 𝐝𝐥̅
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
= 𝟎(−𝐚) + (−𝐇𝟎 )(−𝐛) + 𝟎(𝐚) + 𝐇𝟎 (𝐛)
= 𝟐𝐇𝟎 𝐛 -------- (3)
Comparing eqs.(1) and (3) , We get
𝟐𝐇𝟎 𝐛 = 𝐊 𝐲 𝐛
𝟏
𝐇𝟎 = 𝟐 𝐊 𝐲 -------- (3) Fig. Application of Ampere's law to an infinite sheet:
Substitute the eq.(3) in eq.(2), we get (a) closed path 1-2-3-4-1.
𝟏
𝐊 𝐲 𝐚̅𝐱 𝐳>0
̅={ 𝟐
𝐇 𝟏
− 𝟐 𝐊 𝐲 𝐚̅𝐱 𝐳<0
̅ for an infinite current sheet is
In general, 𝐇
𝟏
̅=
𝐇 ̅ × 𝐚̅𝐧
𝐊
𝟐
̅ 𝐧 is a unit normal vector directed from the current sheet to the point of interest.
Where 𝐚
Infinitely Long Coaxial Transmission Line:
Consider an infinitely long coaxial transmission line consisting of two concentric cylinders having their
axes along the z-axis. The cross section of the line is shown in Fig. The inner conductor has radius a and
carries current I while the outer conductor has inner radius b and thickness t and carries return current –I.
We can find 𝐇 ̅ by considering four cases as follows
(i) 0≤ ρ≤ a
(ii) a ≤ ρ≤ b
(iii) b ≤ ρ≤ b+t
(iv) ρ ≥ b+t

Case (i): 0≤ ρ≤ a
Construct a closed path L1 of radius ρ as shown in fig.
According to ampere’s law ∮ 𝐇 ̅ . 𝐝𝐥̅ = 𝐈𝐞𝐧𝐜 --------- (1)
The current enclosed by the closed path is given by
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐡
𝐈𝐞𝐧𝐜 = 𝐈
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐫 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
𝛒𝟐
𝐈𝐞𝐧𝐜 = 𝐈 𝐚𝟐
We know that 𝐇 ̅ = 𝛒𝐝𝛟𝐚̅𝛟
̅ = 𝐇𝛟 𝐚̅𝛟 and 𝐝𝐥
𝟐𝛑 𝛒𝟐
Therefore ∫𝟎 𝐇𝛟 𝐚̅𝛟 ∙ 𝛒𝐝𝛟𝐚̅𝛟 = 𝐈 𝐚𝟐 Fig. Cross section of the transmission line

𝟐𝛑 𝛒𝟐
∫𝟎 𝐇𝛟 𝛒𝐝𝛟 = 𝐈 𝐚𝟐

𝟐𝛑 𝛒𝟐
𝐇𝛟 𝛒 ∫𝟎 𝐝𝛟 = 𝐈 𝐚𝟐
𝛒𝟐
𝐇𝛟 𝛒𝟐𝛑 = 𝐈 𝐚𝟐
𝐈𝛒
𝐇𝛟 = 𝟐𝛑𝐚𝟐
̅ = 𝐈𝛒 𝟐 𝐚̅𝛟
𝐇 𝟐𝛑𝐚
Case (ii): a ≤ ρ≤ b
Construct a closed path L2 of radius ρ as shown in fig.
According to ampere’s law ∮ 𝐇 ̅ . 𝐝𝐥̅ = 𝐈𝐞𝐧𝐜 --------- (1)
The current enclosed by the closed path is I.
We know that 𝐇 ̅ = 𝐇𝛟 𝐚̅𝛟 and 𝐝𝐥̅ = 𝛒𝐝𝛟𝐚̅𝛟
𝟐𝛑
Therefore ∫𝟎 𝐇𝛟 𝐚̅𝛟 ∙ 𝛒𝐝𝛟𝐚̅𝛟 = 𝐈

𝟐𝛑
∫𝟎 𝐇𝛟 𝛒𝐝𝛟 = 𝐈

𝟐𝛑
𝐇𝛟 𝛒 ∫𝟎 𝐝𝛟 = 𝐈
𝐇𝛟 𝛒𝟐𝛑 = 𝐈
𝐈
𝐇𝛟 = 𝟐𝛑𝛒
The magnetic field intensity is given by
̅ = 𝐈 𝐚̅𝛟
𝐇 𝟐𝛑𝛒
Case (iii): b ≤ ρ≤ b+t
Construct a closed path L3 of radius ρ as shown in fig.
According to ampere’s law ∮ 𝐇 ̅ . 𝐝𝐥̅ = 𝐈𝐞𝐧𝐜 --------- (1)
The current enclosed by the closed path is given by

𝛑[𝛒𝟐 −𝐛𝟐 ] (𝛒𝟐 −𝐛𝟐 )

𝐈𝐞𝐧𝐜 = 𝐈 − 𝐈 𝛑[(𝐛+𝐭)𝟐 −𝐛𝟐 ] = 𝐈 [𝟏 − (𝐭 𝟐 +𝟐𝐭𝐛)]
We know that 𝐇̅ = 𝐇𝛟 𝐚̅𝛟 and 𝐝𝐥 ̅ = 𝛒𝐝𝛟𝐚̅𝛟
𝟐𝛑 (𝛒𝟐 −𝐛𝟐 )
Therefore ∫𝟎 𝐇𝛟 𝐚̅𝛟 ∙ 𝛒𝐝𝛟𝐚̅𝛟 = 𝐈 [𝟏 − (𝐭 𝟐 +𝟐𝐭𝐛)]
𝟐𝛑 (𝛒𝟐 −𝐛𝟐 )
∫𝟎 𝐇𝛟 𝛒𝐝𝛟 = 𝐈 [𝟏 − (𝐭 𝟐 +𝟐𝐭𝐛)]

𝟐𝛑 (𝛒𝟐 −𝐛𝟐 )
𝐇𝛟 𝛒 ∫𝟎 𝐝𝛟 = 𝐈 [𝟏 − (𝐭 𝟐 +𝟐𝐭𝐛)]
(𝛒𝟐 −𝐛𝟐 )
𝐇𝛟 𝛒𝟐𝛑 = 𝐈 [𝟏 − (𝐭 𝟐 +𝟐𝐭𝐛)]
𝐈 (𝛒𝟐 −𝐛𝟐 )
𝐇𝛟 = 𝟐𝛑𝛒 [𝟏 − (𝐭 𝟐 +𝟐𝐭𝐛)]
𝟐 𝟐
̅ = 𝐈 [𝟏 − (𝛒𝟐 −𝐛 ) ] 𝐚̅𝛟
𝐇 𝟐𝛑𝛒 (𝐭 +𝟐𝐭𝐛)
Case (iv): ρ ≥ b+t
Construct a closed path L4 of radius ρ as shown in fig.
According to ampere’s law ∮ 𝐇 ̅ . 𝐝𝐥̅ = 𝐈𝐞𝐧𝐜 --------- (1)
The current enclosed by the closed path is zero.
̅ . 𝐝𝐥̅ = 𝐈 − 𝐈 = 𝟎
∮𝐇
̅ =𝟎
Therefore 𝐇
The magnetic field intensity due to long coaxial transmission line is given by

𝐈𝛒
𝐚̅ 𝟎≤𝛒≪𝐚
𝟐𝛑𝐚𝟐 𝛟
𝐈
𝐚̅ 𝐚≤𝛒≤𝐛
̅=
𝐇 𝟐𝛑𝛒 𝛟
𝐈 (𝛒𝟐 − 𝐛𝟐 )
[𝟏 − 𝟐 ] 𝐚̅ 𝐛≤𝛒≤𝐛+𝐭
𝟐𝛑𝛒 (𝐭 + 𝟐𝐭𝐛) 𝛟
{ 𝟎 𝛒≥𝐛+𝐭

The magnitude of H is sketched in the above Figure

Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density:

The total number of magnetic lines of force passing through a given surface is called magnetic flux. It is
denoted ψ,and its units are webers (Wb).
The total magnetic flux passing through unit normal area is called magnetic flux density. It is denoted by B,
whose units are Wb/m2 or Tesla (T).
𝐝𝛙
̅=
𝐁 𝐚̅ 𝐰𝐛/𝐦𝟐
𝐝𝐒 𝐧
The magnetic flux through a surface S is given by 𝛙 = ∫𝐁 ̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
The magnetic flux density and the magnetic field intensity are related to each other as 𝐁 ̅ = 𝛍𝟎 𝐇̅
Where μ0 is a constant known as the permeability of free space and its value is given by
𝛍𝟎 = 𝟒𝛑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐇/𝐦
Magnetic Field Intensity:
Magnetic field intensity at any point in the magnetic field is defined as the magnetic force experienced by a
unit north pole at that point. It is denoted by H and its units are A/m. It is also called magnetic field
strength.
Non existing of isolated magnetic poles:
The magnetic flux lines always form closed loops as shown in Fig.(b). This is due to the fact that it is not
possible to have isolated magnetic poles (or magnetic charges). For example, consider a magnetic bar
which is having north and south poles as shown in fig.(a). If magnetic bar is divided into successively two
pieces, then the individual bars will have both north and south poles as shown in fig. We find it impossible
to separate the north pole from the south pole. Therefore an isolated magnetic pole does not exist.

Fig.(a) Successive division of a bar magnet results in pieces with north and south poles.
Thus the total flux through a closed surface in a magnetic field must be zero as shown in fig. That is
∮𝐁̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = 𝟎 ----------- (1)
This equation refers to the law of conservation of magnetic flux.
By applying the divergence theorem to eq. (1), we obtain
̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = ∫𝛁 ∙ 𝐁
∮𝐁 ̅ 𝐝𝐕 = 𝟎
𝐕
Or 𝛁∙𝐁 ̅=𝟎
This equation is the fourth Maxwell's equation.

Maxwell's equations for static EM fields: Fig. Magnetic Flux

Maxwell's four equations for static electromagnetic fields are given by

Differential (or Point) Form Integral Form Remarks

̅
𝛁 ∙ 𝐃 = 𝛒𝐕 Gauss's law
∮𝐃 ̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = ∫𝛒𝐕 𝐝𝐕
𝐬 𝐕
̅=𝟎
𝛁∙𝐁 Nonexistence of magnetic monopole
̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = 𝟎
∮𝐁
𝐬
𝛁 × 𝐄̅ = 𝟎 Conservativeness of electrostatic field
∮𝐄̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅ = 𝟎
𝐋
̅ = 𝐉̅
𝛁×𝐇 Ampere's law
̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅ = ∫𝐉̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
∮𝐇
𝐋 𝐒
Magnetic Scalar and Vector Potentials:
Electrostatic fields have only scalar potential V which is related to electric field intensity as 𝐄̅ =
−𝛁𝐕, where as magnetic fields have both scalar and vector magnetic potentials.
Magnetic Scalar Potential:
The magnetic scalar potential Vm (in amperes) is defined as its negative gradient gives the magnetic field
intensity.
Therefore ̅ = −𝛁𝐕𝐦
𝐇 𝐈𝐟 𝐉̅ = 𝟎

We know that
𝐉̅ = 𝛁 × 𝐇
̅ = 𝛁 × (−𝛁𝐕𝐦 ) = 𝟎
Because the curl of a gradient is zero.
Thus the magnetic scalar potential Vm is defined only in a region where J = 0.
𝐛
The magnetic scalar potential between two points a and b is 𝐕𝐦𝐚,𝐛 = ∫𝐚 𝐇 ̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅
Laplace’s equation for magnetic scalar potential:
We know that 𝛁 ∙ 𝑩 ̅=𝟎
That is 𝛁∙𝐇 ̅=𝟎
But ̅
𝐇 = −𝛁𝐕𝐦
So 𝛁 ∙ (−𝛁𝐕𝐦 ) = 𝟎
Therefore 𝛁 𝟐 𝐕𝐦 = 𝟎
The magnetic scalar potential Vm satisfies Laplace's equation .
Vector Magnetic Potentials:
The vector magnetic potential A (in Wb/m) is defined as its curl gives the magnetic flux density.
̅ =𝛁×𝐀
𝐁 ̅
The vector magnetic potential can also be expressed as
̅
̅ = ∫ 𝛍𝟎𝐈𝐝𝐥
𝐀 for line current
𝐋 𝟒𝛑𝐑
The magnetic flux passing through a given area is given by
̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅
𝛙 = ∮𝐀
𝐋
Poisson’s equation for vector magnetic potential:
From Ampere’s circuit law 𝛁 × 𝐇 ̅ = 𝐉̅
Multiply both sides with μ0 then we get 𝛁 × 𝛍𝟎 𝐇 ̅ = 𝛍𝟎 𝐉̅ or 𝛁 × 𝐁 ̅ = 𝛍𝟎 𝐉̅
But ̅ =𝛁×𝐀
𝐁 ̅
Therefore 𝛁 × 𝛁 × 𝐀 ̅ = 𝛍𝟎 𝐉̅
̅
𝛁(𝛁 ∙ 𝐀) − 𝛁 𝐀𝟐 ̅ = 𝛍𝟎 𝐉̅
But 𝛁 ∙ 𝐀 ̅=𝟎
Therefore −𝛁 𝟐 𝐀 ̅ = 𝛍𝟎 𝐉̅
The Poisson’s equation for vector magnetic potential is given by 𝛁 𝟐 𝐀 ̅ = −𝛍𝟎 𝐉̅
Forces due to Magnetic Fields:
(a).Force on a Charged Particle(Lorentz’s force equation):
According to Coulomb's law the electric force on a stationary or moving charge Q in an electric field is
given by 𝐅̅𝐞 = 𝐐𝐄̅ ------------------ (1)
The direction of force is same as electric field intensity.
A magnetic field can exert force only on a moving charge.
The magnetic force 𝐅̅𝐦 experienced by a charge Q moving with a velocity 𝑢̅ in a magnetic field B is given
by 𝐅̅𝐦 = 𝐐𝐮̅×𝐁 ̅ --------------------- (2)
This clearly shows that 𝐅̅𝐦 is perpendicular to both 𝐮 ̅ and 𝐁 ̅.
For a moving charge Q in the presence of both electric and magnetic fields, the total force on the charge is
given by 𝐅̅ = 𝐅̅𝐞 + 𝐅̅𝐦 = 𝐐(𝐄̅ + 𝐮
̅×𝐁 ̅) ----------------- (3)
This is known as the Lorentz force equation. It relates mechanical force to electrical force.
If the mass of the charged particle moving in 𝐄̅ and 𝐁 ̅ fields is ‘m’, by Newton's second law of motion.
𝐝𝐮 ̅
𝐅̅ = 𝐦 = 𝐐(𝐄̅ + 𝐮 ̅×𝐁 ̅)
𝐝𝐭
The solution to this equation is important in determining the motion of charged particles in E and B fields.
(b).Force on a Current Element:
Consider a differential charge dQ moving with velocity 𝐮 ̅ in the magnetic field 𝐁 ̅.
The differential magnetic force on the differential charge is given by dF̅ = 𝐝𝐐𝐮 ̅×𝐁̅ ----- (1).
Consider a current element Idl of a current-carrying conductor in magnetic field.
𝐝𝐐 𝐝𝐥̅
𝐈𝐝𝐥̅ = 𝐝𝐥̅ = 𝒅𝑸 = 𝐝𝐐𝐮 ̅ --------------- (2)
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭
Thus the force on a current element Idl in a magnetic field B is dF̅ = 𝐈𝐝𝐥̅ × 𝐁 ̅
If the current I is passing through a linear conductor , the force on the conductor is given by
𝐅̅ = ∫𝐈𝐝𝐥̅ × 𝐁
̅
𝐋
Note: The force on a straight conductor of length L in the magnetic field is given by
𝐅̅ = 𝐁𝐈𝐋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉𝐚̅𝐧
Force between Two Current Elements:
Consider two conductors in form of loops L1 and L2 carrying currents I1 and I2 as shown in the fig.
Let us consider the two current elements I1dl1 and I2dl2 of conductors 1 and 2.
The distance between two elements is R21.
According to Biot-Savart's law, both current elements
produce magnetic fields.
Therefore the force 𝐝(𝐝𝐅̅𝟏 ) on element I1dl1 due to the field
dB2 produced by element I2dl2 as shown in Fig is given by
𝐝(𝐝𝐅̅𝟏 ) = 𝐈𝟏 𝐝𝐥𝟏̅ × 𝐝𝐁
̅ 𝟐 -------- (1)
But from Biot-Savart's law,
𝛍 𝐈 𝐝𝐥̅ × 𝐚̅𝐑𝟐𝟏
̅𝟐 = 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
𝐝𝐁
𝟒𝛑𝐑𝟐𝟐𝟏
From above equations
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝟏 𝐝𝐥𝟏̅ × ( 𝐈𝟐 𝐝𝐥𝟐̅ × 𝐚̅𝐑𝟐𝟏 )
𝐝(𝐝𝐅̅𝟏 ) =
𝟒𝛑𝐑𝟐𝟐𝟏
Fig. Force between two current loops
The total force F1, on current loop 1 due to current loop 2 is
𝛍𝟎 𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐 𝐝𝐥𝟏̅ × (𝐝𝐥𝟐̅ × 𝐚̅𝐑𝟐𝟏 )
𝐅̅𝟏 = ∮ ∮
𝟒𝛑 𝐋𝟏 𝐋𝟐 𝐑𝟐𝟐𝟏
Similarly the force F2 on loop 2 due to the magnetic field B1 from loop 1 is
𝐅̅𝟐 = −𝐅̅𝟏
This also called Ampere’s Force law.
Magnetic Torque and Moment:
The torque T due to force on the conductor loop is equal to the cross product of the magnetic dipole
moment 𝑚 ̅ and the magnetic flux density 𝐵̅. ̅=𝐦
𝐓 ̅ ×𝐁 ̅ N-m
The torque T (or mechanical moment of force) on theconductor loop is also defined as the cross product
of the force F and the moment arm r.
̅ = 𝐫̅ × 𝐅̅
𝐓 N-m
The magnetic dipole moment is the product of current and area of the loop; its direction is normal to the
loop. ̅ = 𝐈𝐒 𝐚̅𝐧
𝐦 A-m2
A Magnetic Dipole:
A bar magnet or a small filamentary current loop is usually referred to as a magnetic dipole.
The magnetic dipole m = IS=Qml where Qm is pole strength and l is length.

Inductor:
A circuit or part of a circuit that has inductance is called an inductor.
Inductance:
A circuit carrying current I produces a magnetic field B which causes a flux ψ to pass through each turn of
the circuit as shown in Fig.
If the circuit has N identical turns, the flux linkage λ is
λ =Nψ ------------ (1)
The flux linkage λ is proportional to the current I producing it; that is,
𝛌∝𝐈
Or
𝛌 = 𝐋𝐈 ---------- (2)
The inductance L of an inductor is defined as the ratio of the magnetic flux
linkage λ to the current I through the inductor; that is,
𝛌 𝐍𝛙
𝐋= =
𝐈 𝐈
The unit of inductance is the henry (H). Fig. Magnetic field B produced by a circuit
This inductance is also called as self-inductance.
Mutual Inductance:
The mutual inductance M12 as the ratio of the flux linkage in one circuit to the current in second circuit,
that is,
𝛌𝟏𝟐 𝐍𝟏 𝛙𝟏𝟐
𝐌𝟏𝟐 = =
𝐈𝟐 𝐈𝟐
Similarly
𝛌𝟐𝟏 𝐍𝟐 𝛙𝟐𝟏
𝐌𝟐𝟏 = =
𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟏

Fig. Mutual inductance

Inductance of a solenoid:
Consider a solenoid of N turns as shown in the fig.
Let the current flowing through the solenoid be I . Let the length of the solenoid be L and the cross
sectional area be A.
According to ampere’s law ∮ 𝐇 ̅ . 𝐝𝐥̅ = 𝐈𝐞𝐧𝐜
∫ 𝐇𝐝𝐥 = 𝐍𝐈 hence Hℓ = 𝐍𝐈
The magnetic field intensity inside the solenoid is given by
𝐍𝐈
𝐇=
𝓵
The total flux linkage is given by,
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐱 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐤𝐚𝐠𝐞 = 𝐍𝛙 = 𝐍𝐁𝐀 = 𝐍𝛍𝐇𝐀
𝐍𝐈 𝛍𝐍𝟐 𝐈𝐀
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐱 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐤𝐚𝐠𝐞 = 𝐍𝛍 [ ] 𝐀 =
𝓵 𝓵
The inductance of a solenoid is given by
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐱 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐤𝐚𝐠𝐞
𝐋=
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭

𝛍𝐍𝟐 𝐈𝐀
𝐋=
𝓵𝐈

𝛍𝐍𝟐 𝐀
𝐋=
𝓵
Inductance of a Toroid: Fig. Solenoid with N turns
Consider the toroidial ring with N turns and carrying
current I . Let the radius of the toroid be R as shown
in fig.
The magnetic flux density inside the toroidial ring is
𝛍𝐍𝐈
given by 𝐁 = 𝟐𝛑𝐑
The total flux linkage of toroidial ring of N turns is
given by 𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐱 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐤𝐚𝐠𝐞 = 𝐍𝛙 = 𝐍𝐁𝐀
𝛍𝐍𝐈 𝛍𝐍𝟐 𝐈𝐀
= 𝐍[ ]𝐀 =
𝟐𝛑𝐑 𝟐𝛑𝐑
The inductance of a solenoid is given by
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐱 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐤𝐚𝐠𝐞
𝐋=
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝛍𝐍𝟐 𝐈𝐀
𝐋=
𝟐𝛑𝐑𝐈
𝛍𝐍𝟐 𝐀
𝐋= Fig. Toroidal Ring
𝟐𝛑𝐑
Inductance of a Coaxial Cable:
Consider a coaxial cable with inner conductor radius a and outer conductor radius b as shown in fig.

Fig. Coaxial cable carrying current I

Let the current through the coaxial cable be I.

The magnetic field intensity at any point between inner and outer conductor is given by
𝛍𝐈
̅=
𝐁 𝐚̅
𝟐𝛑𝛒 𝛟
The total magnetic flux linkage is given by,
̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
𝛙 = ∫𝐁
𝐒
Where 𝐝𝐒̅ = 𝐝𝛒𝐝𝐳𝐚̅𝛟
𝐝 𝐛
𝛍𝐈
𝛙=∫ ∫ ( 𝐚̅𝛟 ) ∙ (𝐝𝛒𝐝𝐳𝐚̅𝛟 )
𝟎 𝐚 𝟐𝛑𝛒
𝛍𝐈 𝐝 𝐛
𝐝𝛒
𝝍= ∫ 𝐝𝐳 ∫
𝟐𝛑 𝟎 𝐚 𝛒
𝛍𝐈
𝝍= 𝐝|𝐥𝐧 𝛒|𝐛𝐚
𝟐𝛑
𝛍𝐈𝐝 𝐛
𝝍= 𝐥𝐧 ( )
𝟐𝛑 𝐚
The inductance of a coaxial cable is given by
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐱 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐤𝐚𝐠𝐞
𝐋=
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝛍𝐈𝐝 𝐛
𝐋= 𝐥𝐧 ( )
𝟐𝛑𝐈 𝐚

𝛍𝐝 𝐛
𝐋= 𝐥𝐧 ( )
𝟐𝛑 𝐚
The inductance of a coaxial cable per unit length is given by
𝛍 𝐛
𝐋= 𝐥𝐧 ( )
𝟐𝛑 𝐚
Energy stored in the magnetic field:
If a current I is applied on a coil having N turns, it produces a magnetic field with flux ψ.
𝐝𝐈
The voltage induced in the coil is 𝐕 = 𝐋 𝐝𝐭
𝐝𝐈
We know that the power is 𝐏 = 𝐕𝐈 = 𝐋𝐈 𝐝𝐭
Therefore the energy stored is
𝐝𝐈 𝟏
𝐖𝐦 = ∫ 𝐏𝐝𝐭 = ∫ 𝐋𝐈 𝐝𝐭 = ∫ 𝐋𝐈𝐝𝐈 = 𝐋𝐈𝟐
𝐝𝐭 𝟐
Therefore the energy stored is
𝟏 𝟐
𝐖𝐦 = 𝐋𝐈 𝐉𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬
𝟐
Energy density stored in the magnetic field:
𝟏
The energy stored in the magnetic field is 𝐖𝐦 = 𝟐 𝐋𝐈𝟐
Consider a differential volume in a magnetic field as shown in Fig.
Let the volume be covered with conducting sheets at the top and bottom surfaces with current ∆I.
𝟏
The energy stored in the differential volume is 𝚫𝐖𝐦 = 𝟐 𝚫𝐋 𝚫𝐈𝟐
𝚫𝛙
We know that 𝚫𝐋 = 𝚫𝐈
 𝟏
Therefore 𝚫𝐖𝐦 = 𝟐 𝚫𝛙𝚫𝐈
Where
𝚫𝛙 = 𝐁𝚫𝐱𝚫𝐳
𝚫𝐈 = 𝐇𝚫𝐲
Therefore
𝟏
𝚫𝐖𝐦 = 𝐁𝐇𝚫𝐱𝚫𝐲𝚫𝐳
𝟐
𝟏
𝚫𝐖𝐦 = 𝐁𝐇𝚫𝐕
𝟐
The energy density stored in the magnetic field is
𝚫𝐖𝐦 𝟏
𝐰𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐁𝐇
𝚫𝐯→𝟎 𝚫𝐕 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝐰𝐦 = 𝐁𝐇 = 𝛍𝐇 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

Magneto Motive Force:

 It is the force that sets up magnetic flux within and around the object.
 The unit of MMF is amperes-turn.
 The magneto motive force = NI
 It is also called magnetic potential.
 Therefore the magneto motive force is given by

𝐛
̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅
𝐕𝐦𝐚,𝐛 = ∫ 𝐇
𝐚
 Maxwell's Equations for Time Varying Fields

The time varying fields are produced due to time varying currents. In time varying fields ,the time varying
electric field will produce the time varying magnetic field and the time varying magnetic field will produce
the time varying electric field. That means in time varying fields the electric field and magnetic field are
interdependent.

The equations describing relation between time varying electric and magnetic fields are known as
Maxwell’s equations. These equations can be represented in integral and differential form.

Stationary charges —> Electrostatic fields

Steady currents —> Magnetostatic fields
Time-varying currents —>Time varying electromagnetic fields (or EM waves)

FARADAY'S LAW: Faraday law states that the induced emf Vemf (in volts), in any closed circuit is
equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux linkage by the circuit.
𝐝𝛙
𝐕𝐞𝐦𝐟 = −𝐍
𝐝𝐭
Where N is the number of turns in the circuit and ψ is the flux through each turn. The negative sign shows
that the induced voltage acts in such a way as to oppose the flux producing it. This is known as Lenz's law.
For a circuit with a single turn (N = 1), then above equation becomes
𝐝𝛙
𝐕𝐞𝐦𝐟 = − − − − − − −(𝟏)
𝐝𝐭
Induced e.m.f in the closed circuit is given by 𝐕𝐞𝐦𝐟 = ∮𝐋 𝐄̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅
The magnetic flux ψ passing through a particular area is given by 𝛙 = ∫𝐒 𝐁 ̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
From the above equations, we have
𝐝
∮𝐄̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅ = − ∫𝐁 ̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
𝐋 𝐝𝐭 𝐒
𝛛𝐁̅
∮𝐄̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅ = − ∫ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
𝐋 𝐒 𝛛𝐭
This is one of the Maxwell's equations for time-varying fields in integral form.
Using stokes theorem the above equation
𝛛𝐁̅
∫𝛁 × 𝐄̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = − ∫ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
𝐒 𝐒 𝛛𝐭
By eliminating the surface integrals,
𝛛𝐁̅
𝛁 × 𝐄̅ = −
𝛛𝐭
This is one of the Maxwell's equations for time-varying fields in differential form.
The variation of flux with time may be caused in three ways:
1. A stationary loop in a time-varying B field
2. A moving loop in a static B field
3. A moving loop in a time-varying B field.
Transformer e.m.f:
Consider a stationary conducting loop placed in the time varying magnetic field B as shown in fig.
̅
𝛛𝐁
According to Faraday’s law 𝐕𝐞𝐦𝐟 = ∮ 𝐄̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅ = − ∫ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
𝐋 𝐒 𝛛𝐭
When emf is induced in a stationary conducting loop by
the time-varying B field is called transformer emf since it
is due to transformer action.
Motinal EMF: When emf is induced in a moving loop
by the static B field is called motional emf .
̅
̅ = 𝑸(𝒖
𝑭 ̅×𝑩 ̅ ) and 𝑬̅ = 𝑭 = (𝒖 ̅×𝑩 ̅)
𝑸

𝐕𝐞𝐦𝐟 = ∮𝐄̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅ = ∮(𝒖 ̅ ) ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅

̅×𝑩
𝐋 𝐋

Fig. emf induced in a stationary loop by

time varying B field
Inconsistency Of Ampere’s Law (Modified Ampere’s Law) And Displacement Current Density:
According to ampere’s law, for static EM fields 𝛁 × 𝐇 ̅ = 𝐉̅ − − − −(𝟏)
Taking divergence on the both sides of the above equation, we get
𝛁 ∙ (𝛁 × 𝐇 ̅ ) = 𝛁 ∙ 𝐉̅
But the divergence of the curl of any vector field is identically zero, hence
𝛁 ∙ (𝛁 × 𝐇 ̅ ) = 𝟎 = 𝛁 ∙ 𝐉̅ − − − − − (𝟐)
But the continuity equation for time varying fields is given by
𝛛𝛒𝐕
𝛁 ∙ 𝐉̅ = − ≠𝟎 − − − − − −(𝟑)
𝛛𝐭
Thus eqs.(2) and (3) are obviously incompatible for time-varying conditions. In other words Ampere’s law
is not consistent with time varying fields and needs modification to make it consistent for time varying
fields. To do this, we add a term to 𝐉̅𝐝 eq. (1) so that it becomes.
𝛁×𝐇 ̅ = 𝐉̅ + 𝐉̅𝐝 − − − − − −(𝟒)
Taking divergence on the both sides, we get
𝛁 ∙ (𝛁 × 𝐇 ̅ ) = 𝛁 ∙ (𝐉̅ + 𝐉̅𝐝 )
Again, the divergence of the curl of any vector is zero. Hence:
𝛁 ∙ (𝐉̅ + 𝐉̅𝐝 ) = 𝟎

𝛁 ∙ 𝐉̅ + 𝛁 ∙ 𝐉̅𝐝 = 𝟎

𝛁 ∙ 𝐉̅𝐝 = −𝛁 ∙ 𝐉̅

𝛛𝛒𝐕
But from the continuity equation 𝛁 ∙ 𝐉̅ = − 𝛛𝐭

𝛛𝛒
Therefore 𝛁 ∙ 𝐉̅𝐝 = 𝛛𝐭𝐕

But from Gauss’s law ̅ = 𝛒𝐕

𝛁∙𝐃

𝛛
Therefore 𝛁 ∙ 𝐉̅𝐝 = 𝛛𝐭 (𝛁 ∙ 𝐃
̅)

̅
𝛛𝐃
𝛁 ∙ 𝐉̅𝐝 = 𝛁 ∙
𝛛𝐭
Removing Divergence on both sides
 𝛛𝐃̅
𝐉̅𝐝 = − − − − − (𝟓)
𝛛𝐭
Substitute equation (5) in equation (4) , we get
̅
𝛛𝐃
𝛁×𝐇 ̅ = 𝐉̅ +
𝛛𝐭
This is Maxwell's equation (based on Ampere's circuit law) for a time-varying field.
̅
𝛛𝐃
The term 𝐉̅𝐝 = is known as displacement current density and 𝐉̅ = 𝝈𝐄̅ is the conduction current density.
𝛛𝐭
Displacement Current:
Displacement current is the flow of charge in dielectrics which results due to the time varying fields.
Based on the displacement current density, we define the displacement current as
̅
𝛛𝐃 𝐝 𝐝𝐐
𝐼𝑑 = ∫ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = ∫ 𝐃 ̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = =𝐈
𝑆 𝛛𝐭 𝐝𝐭 𝐒 𝐝𝐭
Gauss’s law:
Gauss's law states that the total electric flux ψ passing through any closed surface is equal to the total
charge enclosed by that surface.
𝛙=𝐐

̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐬̅
Total flux 𝛙 = ∮𝐃
𝐬

Total charge enclosed 𝐐 = ∫𝛒𝐯 𝐝𝐯

𝐯

̅ ∙ ̅̅̅
∮𝐃 𝐝𝐬 = ∫𝛒𝐯 𝐝𝐯
𝐬 𝐯
By applying divergence theorem to the first term in the above equation
̅ ∙ ̅̅̅
∮𝐃 ̅ 𝐝𝐯
𝐝𝐬 = ∫𝛁 ∙ 𝐃
𝐬 𝐯
̅ 𝐝𝐯 = ∫𝛒𝐯 𝐝𝐯
∫𝛁 ∙ 𝐃
𝐯 𝐯
̅ = 𝛒𝐯
𝛁∙𝐃
This is another Maxwell’s equation.
Non existing of isolated magnetic poles:
The magnetic flux lines always form closed loops as shown in Fig.(b). This is due to the fact that it is not
possible to have isolated magnetic poles.
Thus the total flux through a closed surface in a magnetic field must be zero as shown in fig. That is
∮𝐁̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = 𝟎 ----------- (1)
This equation refers to the law of conservation of magnetic flux.
By applying the divergence theorem to eq. (1), we obtain
̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = ∫𝛁 ∙ 𝐁
∮𝐁 ̅ 𝐝𝐕 = 𝟎
𝐕
Or 𝛁∙𝐁̅=𝟎
This equation is the another Maxwell's equation.
General form of Maxwell’s equations:

S.NO Differential (or Point) Form Integral Form Remarks

1 𝛁∙𝐃 ̅ = 𝛒𝐕 Gauss's law
∮𝐃 ̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = ∫𝛒𝐕 𝐝𝐕
𝐬 𝐕
2 ̅=𝟎
𝛁∙𝐁 Nonexistence of magnetic monopole
̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = 𝟎
∮𝐁
𝐬
3 𝛛𝐁̅ ̅
𝛛𝐁 Faraday’s law
𝛁 × 𝐄̅ = − ∮𝐄̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅ = − ∫ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
𝛛𝐭 𝐋 𝐒 𝛛𝐭
4 𝛛𝐃̅ ̅
𝛛𝐃 Ampere's circuit law
𝛁×𝐇̅ = 𝐉̅ + ∮𝐇̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅ = ∫ (𝐉̅ + ) ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
𝛛𝐭 𝐋 𝐒 𝛛𝐭
Maxwell’s equations in word statements:
1st equation:
̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = ∫𝛒𝐕 𝐝𝐕
∮𝐃
𝐬 𝐕
Statement: “The total electric flux ψ passing through any closed surface is equal to the total charge
enclosed by that surface”.
2nd equation:
̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = 𝟎
∮𝐁
𝐬
Statement: “The surface integral of magnetic flux density over a closed surface is always equal to zero”
3rd equation:
̅
𝛛𝐁
∮𝐄̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅ = − ∫ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
𝐋 𝐒 𝛛𝐭
Statement: “The line integral of electromotive force (emf) around any closed path is equal to the negative
surface integral of time rate of change of magnetic flux density over the surface bounded by the path”.
4th equation:
̅
𝛛𝐃
∮𝐇 ̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅ = ∫ (𝐉̅ + ) ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
𝐋 𝐒 𝛛𝐭

Statement: “The line integral of magneto motive force (mmf) around any closed path is equal to the
surface integral of conduction and displacement current densities over the surface bounded by the path”.

Maxwell’s equations for free space or good dielectric: For free space ρv=0 and σ=0

S.NO Differential (or Point) Form Integral Form Remarks

1 𝛁∙𝐃 ̅ =𝟎 Gauss's law
∮𝐃̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = 𝟎
𝐬
2 ̅=𝟎
𝛁∙𝐁 Nonexistence of magnetic monopole
̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = 𝟎
∮𝐁
𝐬
3 ̅
𝛛𝐁 𝛛𝐁̅ Faraday’s law
𝛁 × 𝐄̅ = − ∮𝐄̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅ = − ∫ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
𝛛𝐭 𝐋 𝐒 𝛛𝐭
4 ̅
𝛛𝐃 𝛛𝐃̅ Ampere's circuit law
𝛁×𝐇 ̅= ∮𝐇 ̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅ = ∫ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
𝛛𝐭 𝐋 𝐒 𝛛𝐭
Maxwell’s equations for good conductor: For good conductor ρv=0 and Jd=0.

S.NO Differential (or Point) Form Integral Form Remarks

1 𝛁∙𝐃 ̅ =𝟎 Gauss's law
∮𝐃̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = 𝟎
𝐬
2 ̅=𝟎
𝛁∙𝐁 Nonexistence of magnetic monopole
̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = 𝟎
∮𝐁
𝐬
3 𝛛𝐁 ̅ ̅
𝛛𝐁 Faraday’s law
𝛁 × 𝐄̅ = − ∮𝐄̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅ = − ∫ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
𝛛𝐭 𝐋 𝐒 𝛛𝐭
4 𝛁×𝐇 ̅ = 𝐉̅ Ampere's circuit law
̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅ = ∫𝐉̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
∮𝐇
𝐋 𝐒

Maxwell’s equations for time-harmonic fields/phasor form :

A time-harmonic field is one that varies periodically or sinusoidally wiih time. For time harmonic fields
̅ = 𝐷0 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
𝐷
𝜕𝐷̅
= 𝑗𝜔𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑗𝜔𝐷 ̅
𝜕𝑡
S.NO Differential (or Point) Form Integral Form Remarks
1 ̅
𝛁 ∙ 𝐃 = 𝛒𝐕 Gauss's law
∮𝐃 ̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = ∫𝛒𝐕 𝐝𝐕
𝐬 𝐕
2 ̅=𝟎
𝛁∙𝐁 Nonexistence of magnetic monopole
̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅ = 𝟎
∮𝐁
𝐬
3 𝛁 × 𝐄̅ = −𝒋𝝎𝑩
̅ Faraday’s law
∮𝐄̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅ = − 𝒋𝝎 ∫𝐁
̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
𝐋 𝐒
4 ̅ = 𝐉̅ + 𝒋𝝎𝑫
𝛁×𝐇 ̅ Ampere's circuit law
̅ ∙ 𝐝𝐥̅ = ∫(𝐉̅ + 𝐣𝛚𝐃
∮𝐇 ̅ ) ∙ 𝐝𝐒̅
𝐋 𝐒