PHYS 102 Final Exam

̂ . The magnetic force on the particle is

⃗⃗ = 𝐵 𝐤
1. A particle with charge q is moving in a uniform magnetic field 𝑩
measured to be 𝑭⃗ = 𝐹𝑥 𝐢̂ + 𝐹𝑦 𝐣̂.

(a) (13 Pts.) Calculate the velocity components of the particle that you can from this information.
(b) (6 Pts.) Are there components of the velocity that are not determined by the measurement of the force? Explain.
⃗⃗ and 𝑭
(c) (6 Pts.) What is the angle between 𝑩 ⃗?

Solution:
(a) The magnetic force on a particle is given by
⃗𝑭 = 𝑞 𝒗
⃗ × ⃗𝑩 ̂ ) × (𝐵 𝐤
⃗ = 𝑞(𝑣𝑥 𝐢̂ + 𝑣𝑦 𝐣̂ + 𝑣𝑧 𝐤 ̂ ) = 𝑞𝑣𝑦 𝐵 𝐢̂ − 𝑞𝑣𝑥 𝐵 𝐣̂ .

Therefore,
𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑥
𝑞𝑣𝑦 𝐵 𝐢̂ − 𝑞𝑣𝑥 𝐵 𝐣̂ = 𝐹𝑥 𝐢̂ + 𝐹𝑦 𝐣̂ → 𝑣𝑥 = − , 𝑣𝑦 = .
𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐵

̂ × 𝐵𝐤
(b) z-component of the velocity, 𝑣𝑧 can not be determined from the given information because 𝑣𝑧 𝐤 ̂ ≡ 0 and,
for this reason, 𝑣𝑧 does not appear in the expression for the force.

(c) Since
⃗𝑩 ̂ )=0,
⃗ ∙ ⃗𝑭 = (𝐹𝑥 𝐢̂ + 𝐹𝑦 𝐣̂) ∙ (𝐵 𝐤

the magnetic field is perpendicular to the force. The smaller of the angles between the two vectors is 𝜋⁄2.
2. A rectangular loop of wire can slide without friction on a horizontal surface. Initially the loop has part of its area
in a region of uniform magnetic field that has magnitude 𝐵 and is perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The loop
has dimensions 𝐿 by 𝑑, mass 𝑚, and resistance 𝑅. The loop is initially at rest. At time 𝑡 = 0, a constant force of
magnitude 𝐹ext is applied to the loop to pull it out of
the field as shown in the figure. 𝑥
(a) (10 Pts.) Find the speed of the loop as a function
of time before it leaves the magnetic field.
(b) (10 Pts.) Find the power dissipated in the loop as
a function of time before it leaves the magnetic field.
(c) (5 Pts.) Find the power supplied by the external force as a function of time before the loop leaves the magnetic
field.

Solution:
(a) Flux of the magnetic field through the loop as a funciton of x is Φ𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥𝑑. Therefore, when the loop starts to
move under the action of the external force, there will be an induced emf causing an induced current.
𝑑Φ𝐵 𝑑𝑥 |ℰind | 𝐵𝑣𝑑
|ℰind | = = 𝐵 𝑑 = 𝐵𝑣𝑑 → 𝐼ind = = .
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑅 𝑅
This induced current will result in a magnetic force acting on the loop which, by Lenz’s law, will be in the opposite
direction of the external force causing the change in the magnetic flux. Net force on the loop is found as
𝐵2 𝑑 2 𝐵2 𝑑 2
𝐹𝐵 = 𝐼ind 𝐵𝑑 = 𝑣 → 𝐹net = 𝐹ext − 𝑣.
𝑅 𝑅
Writing Newton’s second law, we obtain

𝑑𝑣 𝐵2 𝑑 2 𝑣
𝑑𝑣 ′ 𝐵2 𝑑 2 𝑡 ′
𝑚 = 𝐹ext − 𝑣 → ∫ =− ∫ 𝑑𝑡 ,
𝑑𝑡 𝑅 0 (𝑣 ′ −
𝑅𝐹ext 𝑚𝑅 0
2 2 )
𝐵 𝑑
which gives
𝐹ext 𝑅
𝑣− 2 2 𝐵2 𝑑 2
ln 𝐵2 𝑑 2 = − 𝐵 𝑑 𝑡 →
𝐹ext 𝑅
𝑣(𝑡) = 2 2 (1 − 𝑒 𝑚𝑅 𝑡 ) .
−
𝐹ext 𝑅 𝑚𝑅 𝐵 𝑑
𝐵2 𝑑 2
(b)
2
2 𝐵2 𝑑 2 2 2
𝐹ext 𝑅 −
𝐵2 𝑑 2
𝑡
𝑃dis = 𝐼ind 𝑅= 𝑣 → 𝑃dis = (1 − 𝑒 𝑚𝑅 ) .
𝑅 𝐵2 𝑑 2

(c)
2 𝐵2 𝑑 2
𝐹ext 𝑅 − 𝑡
𝑃sup = ⃗𝑭ext ∙ 𝒗
⃗ = (1 − 𝑒 𝑚𝑅 ) .
𝐵2 𝑑 2

Note that in the limit 𝑡 → ∞ (at terminal speed) 𝑃dis = 𝑃sup .

3. An inductor with inductance L and negligible resistance is connected to a battery, a switch S, and two resistors,
𝑅1 and 𝑅2 as shown in the figure. The battery has emf ℰ and negligible internal resistance. S is closed at 𝑡 = 0.
(a) (7 Pts.) What are the currents 𝑖1 , 𝑖2 , and 𝑖3 just after S is
closed?
(b) (7 Pts.) What are 𝑖1 , 𝑖2 , and 𝑖3 after S has been closed a
long time?
(c) (11 Pts.) If the battery is replaced by an AC voltage
source with 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉 cos 𝜔𝑡, what are the current amplitudes
𝐼2 , and 𝐼3 ?

Solution:
(a) Just after the switch is closed the inductor behaves like an open circuit, hence no current passes through it. So
ℰ
𝑖1 = 𝑖2 = , 𝑖3 = 0 .
𝑅1

(b) After S has been closed a long time the inductor behaves like a short circuit and there is no potential drop across
it. We then have two resistors connected in parallel with equivalent resistance 𝑅e , and with potential difference ℰ.
So
ℰ ℰ ℰ ℰ 1 1 ℰ
𝑖1 = 𝑖2 + 𝑖3 , 𝑖2 = , 𝑖3 = → 𝑖1 = + = ℰ( + ) = .
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑒

(c) If the battery is replaced by an AC voltage source with 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉 cos 𝜔𝑡, we have

𝑣𝑅 𝑉 𝑉
𝑖2 = = cos 𝜔𝑡 → 𝐼2 = ,
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅1

in phase with the voltage. Let 𝑖3 = 𝐼3 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) passing through 𝑅2 and the inductor. Voltage 𝑣𝑅2 on 𝑅2 is
𝑣𝑅2 = 𝑖3 𝑅2 = 𝐼3 𝑅2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) in phase with the current, while the voltage on the inductor is
𝑑𝑖3
𝑣𝐿 = 𝐿 = −𝐿𝜔𝐼3 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
𝑑𝑡
leading the current by 90° . This means

𝑉
𝑉 = 𝐼3 √𝑅22 + 𝐿2 𝜔 2 → 𝐼3 = .
√𝑅22 + 𝐿2 𝜔 2
4. A cylindrical conductor with radius R and resistivity 𝜌 carries a current I.
The current is uniformly distributed over the cross-sectional area of the
conductor.
(a) (10 Pts.) Find the magnitude of the magnetic field as a function of the
distance r from the conductor axis for points both inside (0 < 𝑟 < 𝑅) and
outside (𝑅 < 𝑟 < ∞) the conductor if the current is constant in time.
(b) (5 Pts.) What is the electric field inside the conductor?
(c) (10 Pts.) Find the magnitude of the magnetic field as a function of the
distance r from the conductor axis for points both inside (0 < 𝑟 < 𝑅) and outside (𝑅 < 𝑟 < ∞) the conductor if the
current decreases at a constant rate 𝛽 (i.e., 𝐼 = 𝐼0 − 𝛽𝑡).

Solution:
(a) We use Ampère’s law where the integral is taken around the circle with radius 𝑟.
𝜇0 𝐼enc
∮𝑩 ⃗ = 𝜇0 𝐼enc
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝓵 → 𝐵(𝑟)(2𝜋𝑟) = 𝜇0 𝐼enc → 𝐵(𝑟) = .
2𝜋𝑟
For 0 < 𝑟 < 𝑅,

𝐼 𝐼𝑟 2 𝜇0 𝐼𝑟
𝐼enc = 𝐽𝐴 = ( 2 ) (𝜋𝑟 2 ) = 2 → 𝐵(𝑟) = , 0<𝑟<𝑅.
𝜋𝑅 𝑅 2𝜋𝑅 2
For 𝑅 < 𝑟 < ∞,
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐼enc = 𝐼 → 𝐵(𝑟) = , 𝑅 <𝑟 <∞.
2𝜋𝑟

(b) By definition of resistivity, electric field inside the conductor is

𝐸 𝜌𝐼
𝜌= → 𝐸 = 𝜌𝐽 = .
𝐽 𝜋𝑅 2
(c) If the current changes in time, we also have a displacement current. Therefore, we must use Ampère-Maxwell
law.
𝑑Φ𝐸
∮𝑩 ⃗ = 𝜇0 (𝐼c + 𝜖0
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝓵 ).
𝑑𝑡
For 0 < 𝑟 < 𝑅,

𝜌𝐼 𝜌𝐼𝑟 2 𝑑Φ𝐸 𝜌𝑟 2 𝑑𝐼 𝛽𝜌𝑟 2

Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 = ( 2 ) (𝜋𝑟 2 ) = 2 → = 2 =− 2 .
𝜋𝑅 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝑅
Therefore

𝐼𝑟 2 𝛽𝜌𝑟 2 𝜇0 𝑟
𝐵(𝑟)(2𝜋𝑟) = 𝜇0 ( − 𝜖 0 ) → 𝐵(𝑟) = (𝐼 − 𝜖0 𝛽𝜌) , 0<𝑟<𝑅.
𝑅2 𝑅2 2𝜋𝑅 2

For 𝑅 < 𝑟 < ∞,

𝜌𝐼 𝑑Φ𝐸 𝑑𝐼
Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝐴 = ( 2 ) (𝜋𝑅 2 ) = 𝜌𝐼 → = 𝜌 = −𝛽𝜌 .
𝜋𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Therefore,
𝜇0 (𝐼 − 𝜖0 𝛽𝜌)
𝐵(𝑟)(2𝜋𝑟) = 𝜇0 (𝐼 − 𝜖0 𝛽𝜌) → 𝐵(𝑟) = , 𝑅 <𝑟 <∞.
2𝜋𝑟