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    Week 1 Lecture 1

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    ahmedfawwaaz

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    Week 1 Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    ahmedfawwaaz
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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    8 views14 pages

    Week 1 Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    ahmedfawwaaz

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    Week 1:

    Foundations of
    Scientific Inquiry
    Dr Zeeniya Kamil
    Department of Environment and Natural
    Science
    The Maldives National University
    Introduction to Scientific
    and Analytical Thinking

    • Objective: Build a strong foundation in


    scientific inquiry and critical thinking.
    • Topics Covered:
    • Scientific Method: Explore the
    systematic approach to understanding the
    natural world.
    • Philosophy in Science: Understand the
    role of questioning, analysis, and
    reasoning in scientific exploration.
    Introduction to the Scientific Method
    and the Role of Philosophy in Science
    • Scientific Method Overview
    • Observation: Careful watching and recording of natural phenomena.
    • Question: Formulating questions based on observations.
    • Hypothesis: Tentative, testable explanations.
    • Experimentation: Testing hypotheses through controlled experiments.
    • Analysis: Interpreting data to support or refute the hypothesis.
    • Conclusion: Summarizing findings and considering further research.
    Foundation of the
    scientific method.

    Observatio
    Qualitative or
    n quantitative.

    Drives the entire inquiry


    process.
    Question: What
    Question drives the observed
    and phenomena?
    Hypothe
    sis Hypothesis: "If…
    then…" statements,
    must be testable
    and falsifiable.
    Experimentati
    on:
    Manipulating
    variables to
    Experimenta test the
    tion and hypothesis.
    Analysis Analysis:
    Using statistical
    tools to
    interpret
    results.
    Conclusion

    SUMMARIZES WHETHER LEADS TO NEW


    THE HYPOTHESIS IS QUESTIONS AND
    SUPPORTED. FURTHER RESEARCH.
    The Role of Philosophy in Science

    Introduction

    Philosophy and science are


    deeply connected.

    Philosophy provides
    frameworks for understanding
    scientific inquiry.
    Key questions: What is
    knowledge? What is reality?
    How do we approach ethics in
    science?
    Philosophy as the Foundation of Science

    Epistemology: Study of Ontology: Study of being.


    knowledge.
    How do we know what we know? What exists in the universe?
    Empiricism: Knowledge from Realism: Science describes reality.
    experience. Anti-Realism: Science predicts
    Rationalism: Knowledge from reason. phenomena, not necessarily reality.
    Philosophical Inquiry in Science

    Scientific Theories: What makes a good theory?

    • Scientific Realism: Theories represent reality.

    Problem of Induction: Can we justify inductive


    reasoning?
    • Hume’s critique: Future ≠ Past.
    • Importance: Be open to revising theories with new evidence.
    Ethics in Science

    Human Environmental Impact: Dual-Use Research:


    Experimentation: Long-term Potential for both Ethical Frameworks:
    Balancing knowledge consequences of beneficial and harmful
    with participant rights. scientific work. outcomes.
    Utilitarianism:
    Greatest good for the
    greatest number.
    Deontology:
    Adhering to moral
    rules/duties.
    Virtue Ethics: Focus
    on character and
    intentions.
    Critical Thinking and Logic in Science

    Logic in Reasoning:

    • Deductive: General to specific (predictions).


    • Inductive: Specific to general (hypothesis formation).
    • Abductive: Most likely explanation from limited data.

    Avoiding Logical Fallacies:

    • Ad Hominem: Attacking the person, not the argument.


    • Post Hoc: Assuming cause from sequence.
    • Straw Man: Misrepresenting an argument.
    Philosophical Reflection and Scientific Progress

    • Fundamental changes in scientific


    Paradigm understanding.
    • Examples:
    Shifts: • Newtonian physics → Relativity.
    • Classical genetics → Molecular biology.

    Skepticis • Questioning claims until supported by evidence.


    • Drives progress by challenging existing theories.
    m:
    Conclusion

    Philosophy Provides clarity, Essential for


    underpins rigor, and ethical meaningful
    scientific thought. guidance. scientific progress.

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