INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
(Computer Definitions & Basics)

Lecture # 01
Department of Computer Science

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THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION
WHERE CAN YOU FIND
COMPUTERS?
 THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION

What is computer literacy?

Computer literacy is the knowledge about
computer, If you are computer literate, you have
knowledge and understanding of computers and
their uses.
 WHAT IS COMPUTER?
Definition 1:
Computer is an electronic device which takes
some input, process it, and produces
output.
Definition 2:
Electronic machine operating under the
control of instructions stored in its own
memory.
Accepts data
Manipulates data
Produces results
Stores results
These instructions tell the machine what to do.
Generally, the term is used to describe a
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collection of devices that function together as
a system.
What Is a Computer?
An electronic
machine,
operating under the
control of instructions
stored in its own
memory
accepts data
manipulates the data
according to
specified rules
produces results
stores the results for
future use.
What are data and information?

Data
Collection of raw
unprocessed facts,
figures, and
symbols.

Information
Data that is
organized,
meaningful,
and useful 6
WHO IS USER?

⮚Someone that communicates with a computer.

⮚Someone who uses the information it generates.
 DEVICES THAT COMPRISE A
COMPUTER SYSTEM Monitor
(output) Speaker
(output)
System unit
(processor, memory…)

Printer
(output)

Storage devices
(CD-RW,
Floppy, Hard
Mouse disk, zip,…)
(input)
Scanner Keyboard
(input) (input) 8
WHAT DOES A COMPUTER DO?

Computers can perform four

general operations, which comprise
the information process cycle.

1) Input
2) Process
3) Output
4) Storage
5) Communication
INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE

Computer process data (input) into

information (output).
A Computer often holds data,
information, and instruction in
storage for future use.
“The series of input, process, output
and storage activities is the
information process cycle”.

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
(CONT.)
The sequence of events in
processing information, which
includes:
1.Input—entering data into the
computer.
2.Storage—saving data, programs,
or output for future
3.Processing—performing
operations on the data.
4.Output—presenting the results. 11
5.Communication - according to need
communicate to another device
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
OF INFORMATION PROCESS
CYCLE

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INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
1. INPUT

Input is any data or instructions

entered to the computer.
Input can be in the form of audio,
video and graphics instructions.
Instructions can be
■Programs
■Commands
■User response

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
1. INPUT WITH NSTRUCTION CYCLE.
DATA
Bradley Kinkade 42 hours $12.50 per hour

⦿ Data
A collection of
raw unprocessed
facts, figures, E S ct t
and symbols. NS orre rrec
PO are c ot co
⦿ Instructions ES ries re n
R nt a
R ard e ntries
E
a) Programs USe timec card e S
b) Commands , th e tim
e D
N ard
s
Ye , th A
M ec
c) User No M e tim A MS
O
C rint th R
responses R OG ard
p P ec
tim
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hard
INSTRUCTIONS disk
1. INPUT WITH INSTRUCTION
CYCLE (CONT.)
a) Programs

Program tells a computer what to do and

how to do? These are written instructions in
some specific language. (languages will be
describe future) for example time card
program installed in hard disk for student
attendance / presence as shown in previous
slide.

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 1. INPUT WITH INSTRUCTION
CYCLE (CONT.)
b) Commands
Command causes a program to perform a
specific action.
Like Ctrl+P for taking Print of Time card
entries in previous slide example or Ctrl+
S for saving a Ms.Word Document in
computer.
c) User Response
A user response is an action which is or
can be done by answering any question
from computer.
like You want to save the entries in time
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card program? User have two options Yes
or No, that is depend on the user what to
INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
2. PROCESS

Computer data processing is any

process that uses a computer
program to enter data and
summarize it analyze it or otherwise
convert data into usable information.
The process may be automated and
run on a computer.

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INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
2. PROCESS

It involves recording, analyzing,

summarizing, calculating, disseminating
and storing data.
Data is most useful when well-
presented and actually informative,
Data-processing systems are often
referred to as information systems.
In computer processing is done by CPU
(Central Processing Unit)
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INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
3. OUTPUT
Output is the data that has been
processed in to useful form.
The computer takes the input from
user process it and produced output.
Output also can be text, Audio, Video
or graphics .
Output can be in two forms
a) Soft Copy
b) Hard Copy
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INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
3. OUTPUT
a) Soft Copy
When you are writing a document,
playing a game, watching a video clip,
or reading the latest news.
Soft copy is what you see on the
monitor (Screen).
Soft copy is temporary; after you have
finished with it, there is nothing solid to
hold.
However you can transfer soft copy to a
disk, to transport it.
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INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
3. OUTPUT

b) Hard Copy
Hard copy can be touched and carried.
Hard copy is usually some form of paper
output.
It is especially helpful if you need to have a
colleague look at your work or
You need to give your work to a supervisor
or teacher.

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INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
4. STORAGE

Storage refers to various techniques

and devices for storing large amounts
of data.
Examples
⚫ Hard disks
⚫ Floppy Disks
⚫ Optical storage (CD, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD or
DVD-R )
⚫ Flash Memory/USB

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WHAT IS DATA?
Definition:
“Raw facts, figures, events and
transactions are called data”
Examples:
1.Researchers who conduct market
research survey might ask member of
the public to complete questionnaires
about a product or a service. These
completed questionnaires are data.
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WHAT IS DATA? (CONT.)
2. NADRA prepared CNIC of Pakistanis by
collecting data of people who belongs to
Pakistan.
3. Some candidates want to take admission
in university they will fill admission forms.
Above all are unprocessed and
unprepared which is needed to
process and work more.

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WHY WE NEED DATA?
Facts, statistics used for reference or
analysis.

Numbers, characters, symbols, images

etc., which can be processed by a
computer.

Data must be interpreted, by a human or

machine, to derive meaning

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WHAT IS INFORMATION?

Definition:

“Meaningful data is called information”

“Processed data is called information”.

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WHY WE NEED INFORMATION?
Knowledge derived from study, experience
(by the senses), or instruction.
"Information is any kind of knowledge that is
exchangeable amongst people, about things,
facts, concepts, etc.,
In some context, "Information is interpreted
data"

Data Process Information

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WHY WE NEED
INFORMATION? (CONT.)
Detail Example:
Some candidates want to take admission
So they will fill an admission form
containing data about their selves.
When this data is organized and arranged
by eligibility criteria and admission rules.
A merit list will be formulated.
This merit list is in the form of information
of certain students which are eligible for
admission.
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WHY WE NEED
INFORMATION?
(CONT.)

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JAZAK ALLAH!
Any Question?