‫ْ‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫ٰ‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫ْ‬

‫ِبس ِم ِ‬
‫هللا الرحمن الر ِحي ِم‬
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
(Computer Definitions & Basics)
Lecture # 01
By: Mr. Muhammad Tahir Sohail
Lecturer
Department of SE

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THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION
WHERE CAN YOU FIND COMPUTERS?
 THE DIGITAL REVOLUTION

What is computer literacy?

Computer literacy is the knowledge about computer,
If you are computer literate, you have knowledge and
understanding of computers and their uses.
 WHAT IS COMPUTER?
Definition 1:
 Computer is an electronic device which takes
some input, process it, and produces output.
Definition 2:
 Electronic machine operating under the control
of instructions stored in its own memory.
 Accepts data
 Manipulates data
 Produces results
 Stores results
These instructions tell the machine what to do.
 Generally, the term is used to describe a
collection of devices that function together as a
system. 5
What Is a Computer?
An electronic machine,
operating under the
control of instructions
stored in its own memory
accepts data
manipulates the data
according to specified
rules
produces results
stores the results for
future use.
What are data and information?

Data
Collection of raw
unprocessed facts,
figures, and
symbols.

Information
Data that is
organized,
meaningful,
and useful 7
 WHO IS USER?
➢Someone that communicates with a computer.
➢Someone who uses the information it generates.
 DEVICES THAT COMPRISE A COMPUTER
SYSTEM
Monitor
(output) Speaker
(output)
System unit
(processor, memory…)

Printer
(output)

Storage devices
(CD-RW,
Floppy, Hard
Mouse disk, zip,…)
(input)
Scanner Keyboard
(input) (input) 9
WHAT DOES A COMPUTER DO?

Computers can perform four

general operations, which comprise
the information process cycle.

1) Input
2) Process
3) Output
4) Storage
INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE

Computer process data (input) into

information (output).
A Computer often holds data,
information, and instruction in storage
for future use.
“The series of input, process, output
and storage activities is the information
process cycle”.

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)

 The sequence of events in processing

information, which includes:
1. Input—entering data into the
computer.
2. Processing—performing operations on
the data.
3. Output—presenting the results.

4. Storage—saving data, programs, or

output for future
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GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF
INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE

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INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
1. INPUT
 Input is any data or instructions
entered to the computer.
 Input can be in the form of audio, video
and graphics instructions.
 Instructions can be
◼Programs
◼Commands
◼User response

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 INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
1. INPUT WITH INSTRUCTION CYCLE.
What are two DATA
types of inputs: Bradley Kinkade 42 hours $12.50 per hour

 Data
A collection of raw
unprocessed facts,
figures, and
symbols.
 Instructions
a) Programs
b) Commands
c) User
responses

hard
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INSTRUCTIONS disk
 1. INPUT WITH INSTRUCTION CYCLE
(CONT.)
a) Programs

Program tells a computer what to do and how to

do? These are written instructions in some
specific language. (languages will be describe
future) for example time card program installed
in hard disk for student attendance / presence as
shown in previous slide.

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 1. INPUT WITH INSTRUCTION CYCLE
(CONT.)
b) Commands
 Command causes a program to perform a
specific action.
 Like Ctrl+P for taking Print of Time card
entries in previous slide example or Ctrl+ S
for saving a Ms.Word Document in computer.
c) User Response
 A user response is an action which is or can be
done by answering any question from
computer.
 like You want to save the entries in time card
program? User have two options Yes or No,
that is depend on the user what to response.
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INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
2. PROCESS

 Computer data processing is any process

that uses a computer program to enter
data and summarize it analyze it or
otherwise convert data into usable
information.
 The process may be automated and run
on a computer.

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INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
2. PROCESS
 It involves recording, analyzing,
summarizing, calculating, disseminating
and storing data.
 Data is most useful when well-presented
and actually informative,
 Data-processing systems are often referred
to as information systems.
 In computer processing is done by CPU
(Central Processing Unit)
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INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE
3. OUTPUT
 Output is the data that has been
processed in to useful form.
 The computer takes the input from user
process it and produced output.
 Output also can be text, Audio, Video or
graphics .
 Output can be in two forms
a) Soft Copy
b) Hard Copy

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INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
3. OUTPUT
a) Soft Copy
 When you are writing a document, playing
a game, watching a video clip, or reading
the latest news.
 Soft copy is what you see on the monitor
(Screen).
 Soft copy is temporary; after you have
finished with it, there is nothing solid to
hold.
 However you can transfer soft copy to a
disk, to transport it.
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INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
3. OUTPUT
b) Hard Copy
 Hard copy can be touched and carried.
 Hard copy is usually some form of paper
output.
 It is especially helpful if you need to have a
colleague look at your work or
 You need to give your work to a supervisor or
teacher.

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INFORMATION PROCESS CYCLE (CONT.)
4. STORAGE
 Storage refers to various techniques and
devices for storing large amounts of data.
 Examples
 Hard disks
 Floppy Disks
 Optical storage (CD, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD or
DVD-R )
 Flash Memory/USB

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WHAT IS DATA?
Definition:
 “Raw facts, figures, events and transactions
are called data”
Examples:
1. Researchers who conduct market research
survey might ask member of the public to
complete questionnaires about a product
or a service. These completed
questionnaires are data.
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WHAT IS DATA? (CONT.)
2. NADRA prepared CNIC of Pakistanis by
collecting data of people who belongs to
Pakistan.
3. Some candidates want to take admission in
university they will fill admission forms.
Above all are unprocessed and
unprepared which is needed to process
and work more.

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WHY WE NEED DATA?

Facts, statistics used for reference or analysis.

Numbers, characters, symbols, images etc.,
which can be processed by a computer.

Data must be interpreted, by a human or
machine, to derive meaning

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WHAT IS INFORMATION?

Definition:

 “Meaningful data is called information”

 “Processed data is called information”.

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WHY WE NEED INFORMATION?

Knowledge derived from study, experience (by
the senses), or instruction.

"Information is any kind of knowledge that is
exchangeable amongst people, about things,
facts, concepts, etc.,

In some context, "Information is interpreted
data"

Data Process Information

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WHY WE NEED INFORMATION?
(CONT.)
Detail Example:

Some candidates want to take admission

So they will fill an admission form containing
data about their selves.

When this data is organized and arranged by
eligibility criteria and admission rules.

A merit list will be formulated.

This merit list is in the form of information of
certain students which are eligible for
admission.
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WHY WE NEED INFORMATION?
(CONT.)

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