Unit - 2

INTERNAL
COMBUSTION
ENGINES
 IC ENGINES

 Introduction
 Internal combustion engine
 External combustion engine
 Classification of internal combustion engines
 Parts of internal combustion engine
 Working of four stroke petrol engine
 Working of four stroke diesel engine
 Two stroke petrol engine.
 Two stroke diesel engine
 INTRODUCTION
 Any machine, which converts heat energy in to useful mechanical energy,
is known as an engine.

 The machines may be a gas turbine, steam turbine, IC engine All the
engines comes under two classifications, they are

i) Internal combustion engine

ii) External combustion engine
 INTRODUCTION

Internal combustion engine:

If the combustion of fuel takes in a cylinder and the heat is converted in to
mechanical energy, is known as internal combustion engine, Ex Engines of
moped, scooter, bikes, cars, bus, trucks etc;

External combustion engine:

If the combustion of fuel takes place in a combustion chamber and the heat
energy is taken to a machine through pipe line there the heat energy is
converted in to mechanical energy is known as external combustion engines.
Ex, gas turbine and steam engine
 CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES

Internal combustion engines are classified according to

1) According to thermodynamic cycle

i) Otto cycle ii) Diesel cycle iii) Dual combustion cycle

2) According to number of strokes

i) Two stroke ii) Four stroke

3) According to number of cylinders

i) Single cylinder engine
ii) Multi cylinder engine

4) According to method of ignition

i) Spark ignition (petrol)
ii) Compression ignition (diesel)
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

5) According to type of fuel used

i) Petrol ii) Diesel iii) Gas iv) Bio fuel

6) According to position of cylinder

i) Horizontal engine
ii) Vertical engine (car, bus, truck engines)
iii) Vee engine
v) Opposed cylinder engine

7) According to method of cooling

i) Air cooling ii) Water cooling iii) Liquid cooling

8) According to speed of engine

i) Slow speed engine ii) Medium speed engine iii) High speed
engine
PARTS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
 Cylinder,

 Cylinder Head,

 Piston,

 Piston rings

 connecting rod

 Crank

 Crankshaft.

 Flywheel
IC Engine Technology:
 Bore: The inside diameter of the engine
cylinder is termed as Bore.

 Stroke: It is the linear distance, measured

parallel to the axis of the cylinder, between
extreme upper and lower positions of the
piston.

 Top Dead Centre (TDC):

 TDC in vertical engine is the extreme position
of the piston on the top of the cylinder (head
side).

 The cylinder volume is at a minimum.

 In case of horizontal engine this position is

known as inner dead center (IDC).
 IC Engine Technology:
 Bottom Dead Centre (BDC):
 BDC in vertical engine is the extreme position

of the piston on the bottom of the cylinder.

 The cylinder volume will be maximum.

 In case of horizontal engine, this position is

known as outer dead center (ODC).

 Compression ratio:
 It is the ratio of the volume when the piston is at

BDC to the volume when the piston at TDC.

 Compression ratio = Maximum cylinder
volume / minimum cylinder volume. R = V/Vc
Cylinder volume.
IC Engine Technology:

 Piston Area (A) It is the cross sectional

area of the cylinder.
 Displacement Volume/Swept volume
(Vs): Volume covered by the piston
between TDC & BDC. It is also called as
stroke volume. Vs = A  L
 Clearance volume (Vc): Volume on the
combustion side of the piston at TDC
 Cylinder volume (V): V = Vs+Vc
 4 Stroke petrol engine

Structure
• Cylinder
• Mechanically operated valves
• Inlet valves
• Exhaust valves
• Spark plug
• Connecting rod
• Crank
• Crank shaft
4 Stroke petrol engine

4 Strokes are: Works on the principle of Otto cycle

 Suction stroke

 Compression stroke

 Power stroke

 Exhaust stroke
STEP ONE: INTAKE Or
SUCTION
• Air and fuel enter the small engine
through the carburetor.
• The carburetor to supply a
mixture of air and fuel for
proper combustion.
• During the intake stroke, the intake
valve between the carburetor and
combustion chamber opens.
• Atmospheric pressure forces the
air-fuel mixture into the cylinder
bore as the piston moves
downward.
 STEP
TWO:COMPRESSION

• Just after the piston moves to

the bottom of its travel
(bottom dead center), the
cylinder bore contains the
maximum air-fuel mixture
possible.
• The intake valve closes and
the piston returns back up the
cylinder bore.
• The compression stroke
• The air-fuel mixture is
compressed between the
piston and cylinder head.
 STEP THREE:
POWER

• When the piston reaches the top of

its travel (top dead center), it will be
at its optimum point to ignite the
fuel to get maximize power.
• A very high voltage is created in the
ignition coil.
• The spark plug enables this high
voltage to be discharged into the
combustion chamber.
• The heat created by the spark ignites
the gases,
• Rapidly expanding, super-
heated gases that force the
piston back down the cylinder
bore.
• The power stroke.
 STEP FOUR:
EXHAUST
• When the piston reaches
bottom dead center again, the
exhaust valve opens.
• As the piston travels back up
the cylinder bore, it forces the
spent combustion gases
through the exhaust valve and
out of the exhaust systems.
• As the piston returns to top
dead center, the exhaust valve
closes and the intake valve
opens and the 4-cycle engine
process repeat.
The parts of four-stroke diesel engine
 Cylinder,
 Piston, Works on the principle of diesel cycle
 Head,
 Crankcase,
 Connecting rod,
 Crankshaft,
 Fuel injector,
 Inlet and exhaust
valve.
WORKING OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL
ENGINE:
 DIESEL CYCLE:
 The diesel engines work on the principle of
Diesel cycle, also called constant pressure heat
addition cycle shown in figure.

 The four stroke diesel engine cycle also

consists of suction, compression, power and
exhaust strokes.

 The basic construction of a four stroke diesel

engine is same as that of four stroke petrol
engine, expect instead of spark plug, a fuel
injector is mounted in its place.

 A fuel pump supplies the fuel oil to the injector

at higher pressure.
 SUCTION STROKE:
 During this stroke, inlet valve opens and
exhaust valve is closed, the pressure in the
cylinder will be atmospheric.

 As the piston moves from TDC to BDC, the

volume in the cylinder increases, while
simultaneously the pressure decreases.

 This creates a pressure difference between the

atmosphere and inside of the cylinder.

 Due to this pressure difference only the

atmospheric air will enter into the cylinder
through air filter and inlet.

 This stroke is represented by horizontal line 1-
2 on p – V diagram.

 At the end of this stroke, the cylinder will be

filled completely with air and inlet valve will
be closed.
COMPRESSION STROKE:
 During this stroke, both inlet valve and
exhaust valve remain closed.
 The piston moves from BDC to TDC. As
this stroke is being performed, the air in the
cylinder will be compressed, so pressure
and temperature of air increases.
 The process compression is shown by the
curve 2-3.
 The compression ratio of this engine is
higher than petrol engine.
 Due to higher compression ratio, air will
have attained a higher temperature than self
ignition temperature of the diesel fuel.
 Near the end this stroke, a metered quantity
of the diesel fuel is injected into the
cylinder.
 As the diesel fuel particles come in contact
with high temperature air, it will ignite
automatically.
 This is called auto-ignition or self-ignition.
 In this engine compressed air ignites the
diesel fuel, this type of engine is also called
as compression ignition Engine or C.I.
engine.
POWER or EXPANSION STROKE:
 During this stroke, both the inlet valve and the exhaust valve are
closed.

 The piston moves from TDC to BDC.

 The fuel injection starts nearly at the end of compression stroke,

but the rate of fuel injection is such that combustion maintains
constant pressure.

 This constant pressure expansion with simultaneous combustion

is represented by horizontal line 3-4 on the p - V diagram.

 The piston is forced further during the remaining part of this

stroke only due to the expansion of the burnt gases.

 The engine produce mechanical work or power during this

stroke.

 As the piston moves from TDC to BDC, the pressure of hot gases
gradually decreases and volume increases. This is represented by
curve 4-5 on the p – V diagram.
EXHAUST STROKE:
 During this stroke, the exhaust valve opens and inlet
valve is closed.

 The piston moves from BDC to TDC.

 During this motion, piston pushes the exhaust gases

(combustion product) out of cylinder at constant
pressure.

 This process is shown on p –V diagram by

horizontal line 2-1.
2 Stroke petrol engine

 Structure
 Cylinder
 Transfer port
 Inlet port
 Exhaust port
 Spark plug
 Connecting rod
 Crank
 Crank shaft
 Crank case
2 Stroke petrol engine
 One cycle is completed in 2 strokes of the piston (in one revolution of the
crankshaft).
 It has only ports at the cylinder walls and has no valves.

 {Suction + compression }---- 1st stroke

 {power + exhaust } ----- 2nd stroke

Scavenging:
 The exhaust gases are removed from the cylinder with the help of fresh
compressed charge. This process of removing exhaust gases is called
scavenging.
 2 Stroke petrol engine

1. Inlet Port: Through this inlet port only, Exhaust

Transfer
Fresh charge from the carburetor is port
port
taken into the cylinder.

2. Transfer port: Through this Transfer

port only, fresh charge from the bottom
of the piston is supplied to the cylinder.

3. Exhaust port: The Hot exhaust gases are

pushed out from the combustion Inlet
chamber. The cycle beginning at the port
point when the piston reaches TDC at
the end of the compression stroke.
Two Stroke Cycle Engine
Two Stroke Cycle Engine
Two Stroke Cycle Engine
Two Stroke Cycle Engine
 Comparison of 4 stroke & 2 stroke engine

Sl.No. 4 Stroke Engine 2 Stroke Engine

1 The cycle completes in 4 strokes of The cycle completes in 2
the piston (or) in 2 revolution of strokes of the piston (or)
the crankshaft in 1 revolution of the
crankshaft
2 Develops one power stroke in every Develops one power stroke in
2 revolution of the crankshaft one revolution of the
crankshaft
3 Due to more no. of strokes turning Due to lesser no.of strokes,
moment is less uniform and turning moment is more
heavier flywheel is needed uniform and lighter
flywheel is needed
 Comparison of 4 stroke & 2 stroke engine

Sl.No. 4 Stroke Engine 2 Stroke Engine

4 Power produced for same size of the Power produced for the same
engine is small due to one power size of the engine is more
stroke in 2 revolutions. due to one power stroke
in 1 revolution.
5 Engine is heavy & bulky Engine is light & compact

6 Lesser cooling & lubrication Greater cooling and

requirement as one power stroke lubrication requirement
is produced in 2 revolution of the as one power stroke is
crankshaft produced in 1 revolution
of the crankshaft
7 Engine contains complicated valves Engine contains simple ports
and value mechanism
 Comparison between Petrol & Diesel Engine

Sl.No Details Petrol Engine Diesel Engine

1 Fuel Ignition By spark plug (SI By hot compressed air

Engine) (CI engine)
2 Charge during Air & fuel mixture are Air alone is admitted and
suction stroke admitted fuel is injected
3 Compression Low (6 to 8) High (16 to 20)
ratio
4 Cycle of Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle
operations
5 Weight Light Heavy
Electric Vehicles:
Hybrid Electric Vehicles:
 Parallel Hybrid
 Both electric motor and Engine can turn the transmission at the same time and
the transmission then turns the wheel.
 Series Hybrid
 The Vehicle runs on a Battery Power like a pure EV until the batteries reach a
predetermined discharge level.
 Mean effective pressure

Is defined as the avg presure acting on the piston which will produce the same output
As is done by the varying pressure during cycle.

Area of indicator loop = area of rect.

mep(Pm) = work done/ swept volume

= area od indicator loop/ Vs

 Indicated power of a 4stroke engine

Work produced / stroke or / cycle = mean force acting on piston X piston displacement
= Pm x A x L

Work produced / min = (Work produced by piston/cycle) x (number of cycles/ min)

= (Pm x A x L) x n

In 4 stoke IC engine, 1 cycle will be completed in 2 revolutions of crank shaft.

The work will be produced in every alternate revolution of the crank shaft ,thus
Number of cycles / min will be equal to half the number of revolutions / min
 N = N/2

Work produced by the piston = Pm x L x A x (N/2)

Indicated power = (Pm x L x A x (N/2)) /60 W

Indicated power in 2 stroke

Work produced by the piston = Pm x L x A x N

Indicated power = (Pm x L x A x N) /60 W