Collection of Blood

Collection of blood sample
The results of the study or tests affected by sample collection such as sample taking and
handling, labeling, processing (additives, centrifugation), storage, contamination and
transportation.
Information Linked to Sample

Time and date of collection, recent diet and supplement use, reproductive information
(menstrual cycle), recent smoking, current medication use, recent medical illness, storage
conditions.
1: Specimen Collection
The specimens used for biochemical analyses are various such as:
venous blood (serum or plasma), arterial blood, capillary blood, blood spot on a filter
paper (), urine, faeces, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), sputum and saliva, tissue and cells,
aspirates, e.g. pleural fluid, ascites, joint (synovial) fluid, intestinal (duodenal), pancreatic
pseudocysts, calculi (stones).
Sampling Errors
There are a number of potential errors that may contribute to the success or failure of
the laboratory in providing the correct answers to the clinician’s questions. Some of
these problems arise when a clinician first obtains specimens from the patient.
 Blood Sampling Technique:
1.Difficulty in obtaining a blood specimen may lead to hemolysis

2.Prolonged stasis during venipuncture:.
3.Insufficient specimen: Errors in timing:
4. Incorrect specimen container:
5.Inappropriate sampling site: Blood samples should not be taken ‘downstream’ from an
intravenous drip.
6.Incorrect specimen storage:
 Biological Factors Affecting the Interpretation of Results:
The discrimination between normal and abnormal results is affected by various

physiological factors that must be considered when interpreting any given result. These
include:
1. Sex: Reference intervals for some analytes such as serum creatinine are different
for men and women.
2.Age: There may be different reference intervals for neonates, children, adults and the
elderly.
3. Diet: The sample may be inappropriate if taken when the patient is fasting or after a
meal.
4. Timing. There may be variations during the day and night.
5. Stress and anxiety: These may affect the analyte of interest.
6. Posture of the patient: Redistribution of fluid may affect the result.
7. Effects of exercise: Strenuous exercise can release enzymes from tissues.
8. Medical history: Infection and/or tissue injury can affect biochemical values
independently of the disease process being investigated.
9. Pregnancy: This alters some reference intervals.
Urine Sample Collection

•Urineis an ultrafiltrate of the plasma. It can be used to evaluate and monitor body
metabolic disease process, exposure to xenobiotic agents, mutagenicity, exfoliated cells,
DNA adducts, etc.
•Urine collection is not invasive and readily obtainable. Clean and dry plastic or glass
containers (50-3000 ml capacity) are used. Errors in timing in urine collection should be
avoided because the biggest source of error in the measurement of any analyte in a 24-hour
urine specimen is in the collection of an inaccurately timed volume of urine. Total volume
must be recorded.
•The type of urine selected and the collection procedure used depend on the tests to be
performed. The specimen well mixed to ensure homogeneity and aliquots for specific
assays.
•If you can't hand your urine sample in within an hour you should keep it in the
fridge at around 4 °C for no longer than 24 hours to avoid multiplying of bacteria.
Specimen can be stored in refrigerator at 2 to 8 °C for up to 2 days or frozen at
0
°C before testing. However it is strongly recommended testing urine sample as
soon as possible after collection. A urine containers with preservatives may be
needed depending on the proposed assay as in 24 hours urine collection.
•- Transportation
•Sample transportation requirements depends on the time, distance,

climate, season, method, applicable regulations, type of specimen
and markers to be assayed.
•Polyurethane boxes containing ice are used to ship and transport
samples that require low temperature. For samples require very
low temperature, liquid nitrogen container can be used. Liquid
nitrogen containers are used for long term storage and
transportation of biological specimens in the liquid nitrogen
temperature zone (-196 ℃), such as blood samples, tissues,
vaccines and viruses, etc. of animal, plants or humans.

Collection of Blood

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Collection of Blood

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Collection of blood sample

Information Linked to Sample

 Blood Sampling Technique:

1.Difficulty in obtaining a blood specimen may lead to hemolysis

The discrimination between normal and abnormal results is affected by various

Urine Sample Collection

•Sample transportation requirements depends on the time, distance,

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