Conceptual

Framework
and
Review of
Related
Literature
FRAMEWOR
Ko The framework consists of the key concepts
and assumed relationships of the research
project.
o It is normally used as a guide for
researchers so that they are more focused
on the scope of their studies.
o It can be presented using visual (diagrams,
chart, etc.) and narrative (paragraph
stating the concepts and relationships of
the study) forms.
 THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK

A theoretical framework is commonly

used for studies that anchor on time-tested
theories that relate the findings of the
investigation to the underpinning relevant
theory of knowledge.
 CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK

Conceptual Framework refers to the

actual ideas, beliefs, and tentative theories
that specifically support the study. It is
primarily a conception or model of what is
out there that the researcher plans to
Similarities of Theoretical and Conceptual
Framework:
1. Provide an overall view of the research
study;
2. Anchor a theory that supports the study;
3. Guide in developing relevant research
questions/objectives;
4. Help justify assumptions/hypothesis;
5. Aid in choosing appropriate methodology;
6. Help in gathering and interpreting data and
 Differences between Theoretical and
Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Conceptual
Framework Framework
• Broader • Narrower/focused
Scope • Can be used in • Directly related to
different studies a specific study

Focus of • The particular • Set of related

Content theory used already concepts to a
in the field specific study
 Differences between Theoretical and
Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Conceptual
Framework Framework
• Presents one • May synthesize
Number of theory at a time one or more theories
Theories

• Already existing • Develop while

Time of
before the conduct planning and writing
Developme of the study a specific research
nt
CONCEPT MAP
 A concept map is a visual
representation of information that
helps show the relationship between
ideas.
 It is composed of different figures
Our Mission
such as lines, circles, boxes, and
other marks or symbols which
represent the elements of your
In creating your conceptual framework, you have to
understand first the different variables of your study.

 The independent variable is the

“presumed cause” of the research problem.
It is the reason for any “change” or
difference in a dependent variable.
 The dependent variable is the “presumed
effect” of the research problem. It is usually
the problem itself or the element that is
being questioned.
In creating your conceptual framework, you have to
understand first the different variables of your study.

The moderating variable is an independent variable

which influences the direction and the strength of the
connection between independent and dependent
variables.
Moderators can be:
o Qualitative variables such as ethnicity, race,
religion, favorite colors, health status, or stimulus
type.
o Quantitative variables such as age, weight, height,
income, or visual stimulus size.
In creating your conceptual framework, you have to
understand first the different variables of your study.

Mediating variable or intervening variable

is an element that exists between the
independent to the dependent variable.
If something is a mediator:
o It is caused by the independent variable.
o It influences the dependent variable.
A study on socio-economic status
and reading ability in children: The influence of using a laptop at
Socio-economic status affects the night:
children's reading ability by You hypothesize that your mental
influencing parental education health status may influence the
levels. You hypothesize that hours you spend using your laptop
parental education may influence at night, affecting your sleep hours.
children's reading ability.

A study on salary and work

experience: The influence of social media on
You hypothesize that work loneliness:
experience years predict your You hypothesize that social
salary while controlling relevant media may predict levels of
variables. Additionally, gender loneliness; however, loneliness
identity moderates the connection is much stronger for adolescents
between salary and work than adults.
experience.
In creating your conceptual framework, you have to
understand first the different variables of your study.

 The control variable is a special type of

independent variable that can influence the
dependent variable.
The Input-Process-Output Model
The Input-Process-Output Model (IPO) is a
conceptual paradigm which indicates the inputs,
required process, and the output.
o The Input is usually the independent variable of
the study.
o The Process is the intervention or solution
consist of the instruments and analyses used to
acquire the result.
o Output is the findings or outcome of the
interventions being made to solve the identified
problem.
Example of Conceptual Framework
Independent Variable - Dependent Variable Model (IV-
DV)

Hours of Academic
Study Performance

This conceptual framework shows the independent and

dependent variables of the study. It is presumed that the more
number of hours a student prepares for the exam, the higher
would be the expected academic performance.
Example of Conceptual Framework
The Input – Process - Output Model (IPO)

Socio Demographic Profile

1. Age
2. Sex 1. Profiling Proposed
3. Marital Status 2. Survey Intervention
Food Safety Profile
3. Data Analysis Program
1. Knowledge
2. Attitude
3. Practices

This conceptual framework shows the input, process, and output approach
of the study. The input is the independent variable, which includes the socio-
demographic and food safety profile of the respondents. The process
includes the tools and analyses in gathering the data, while the output is the
outcome based on the results of the study.
 DEFINITION OF
TERMS

It is also called as Operational Definition

of Variables (ODV). The word operational
refers to “how the word/term was used in
the study.
Two Ways in Defining Terms

o The conceptual definition is the

meaning of the term that is based on how
it is defined in the dictionary or
encyclopedia.

o Operational definition is the meaning

of the term based on how it was used in
the study.
 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS

A Hypothesis is a tentative statement about

the relationship between two or more variables.

It is a specific and testable prediction on what

you expect to happen with the variables in your
study.
Types of Research Hypothesis
o A simple hypothesis is a prediction of the
relationship between two variables, the independent
variable and the dependent variable. It shows a
connection between one independent variable and a
single dependent variable.
o The complex hypothesis reflects the relationship
between the independent variable and the
dependent variable. It expresses a connection
between two or more independent variables and two
or more dependent variables
Types of Research Hypothesis
o The null hypothesis is denoted with the symbol
Ho It exists when you consider that there is no
relationship between the independent and
dependent variables

o An alternative hypothesis is denoted with the

symbol (Ha). It is an alternate statement expressed
to be tested in order to generate the desired output
when the empirical or working hypothesis is not
accepted
Classification of Research Hypothesis
o The directional hypothesis relates the
relationship between the variables and can also
predict its nature. It illustrates the direct
association of the impact of the independent
variable with the dependent variable, whether it is
positively or negatively affected.
EXAMPLE:
Students who are eating nutritious food have higher grades
than students not having a proper meal. (This shows that there is
an effect between the grades and nutritious food and the direction
of effect is clear that the students got a higher grade).
Classification of Research Hypothesis
o A non-directional hypothesis is used when there
is no principle involved. It is a premise that a
relationship exists between two variables. However,
the direction of the effect is not specifically
determined.
EXAMPLE:
There is a significant difference in the average grades
between those students that have proper nutritious meal and those
that do not have proper meals. (This depicts that there is an effect
between the average grades and nutritious food, but it does not
reflect the direction of the effect whether it is positively or
negatively affected).
 REVIEW OF
RELATED
LITERATURE
Review of related literature is a compilation
of studies related to a specific area of research.

It evaluates, classifies and summarizes all the

relevant previous studies conducted on a
specified topic.
Structure of Literature Review
o The introduction presents the fundamental idea of
the particular study of the literature review.

o The main body consists of an organized discussion

of sources. This is where you summarize and
synthesize your literature review and reflect on how
it relates to your study.

o Conclusion and recommendation emphasize

what you have learned from reviewing the
literature and where your study leads.
Sources for a Literature Review
o Books convey many forms of information. The
needed information here is from the books containing
a collection of research materials and articles.
o Scholarly journals may also be referred to as
academic journals or peer-reviewed journals. They are
filled with peer-reviewed information of research.
o Dissertation is a final requirement for the degree of
doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.) in which the student or
researcher must complete a work of original research.
Sources for a Literature Review
o Government documents are usually kept at the
government and some school libraries.

o Policy reports are also a source of information in

literature review. Policy papers are not like the typical
research papers. Usually, they are discussed to non-
academic readers.

o Periodicals are findings of the study that can be

seen in newspapers, in popular magazines, on
television or radio broadcasts, and in Internet news
summaries.
In-text Citation and Referencing Styles
o Citation is a reference to the literature being used in
your study. It is a way of giving acknowledgment to
the authors whom you have referred their intellectual
works and creativity.
o An in-text citation is a reference made within the
body of text in the paper. It leads the reader to a
source where a particular information has been taken
from.
o A reference typically includes only the sources that
you have mentioned or cited in-text in your paper