MOM Chapter 12

Deflection of
Beams
Engr. Saad Akram, DME, IST

1
Slope and Displacement
Three Available Methods to find slope and deflection in a
beam:
1: By Integration
2: By Discontinuity Function
3: By Moment Area Method
Engr. Saad Akram, DME, IST 2

Elastic Curve Equation (Step 1)
1: Normal Strain = ds’- ds / ds
2: dx’=pϑ
3: ds’=(p-y)ϑ
4: ds=dx=dx’=pϑ (since no normal stress at center, so
no normal strain)
5: strain= [(p-y)ϑ – pϑ]/pϑ (simplify to get 6)
6: 1/p = - strain/y
7: strain= stress/E (put it in 6 to get 8)
8: 1/p = - (stress/E) / y
9: stress= -My/I (put it in 8 to get 10)
10: 1/p = M/EI
11: 1/p = d2v/dx2 (From cal)Akram, DME, IST
Engr. Saad 3
Find Equation of Moments for given beam and put it in
the following equation to find elastic curve equation:
(EI= Flexural Rigidity)
Like for a Cantilever Beam, general equation of moment

is M= -Px, so:

Integrate following equation to find slope and deflection
v is deflection at location x, and dv/dx is slope at location x.
1: (First Integration for slope equation)
2: (Second integration for deflection eq.)

Elastic Curve Equation (Step 4
a)
Find C1 and C2 using Boundary Conditions:
1: For cantilever: v and dv/dx is 0 and x=L (fixed end)
2: For Roller: v= 0
3: For pin: v=0
4: Free end: M=0

Elastic Curve Equation (Step 4
1 b)
Given Equation: 3
Main Equation:
BC for cantilever: dv/dx = 0 at x= L
So: 0
Final Eq for Deflection:
C1 = -PL^2 /2
Put this C1 in following eq:
Final Eq for Slope:
2
Now put other BC: v=0 at x= L
C2= -PL^3/3
Now put value of E, I, L and P to find
deflection and slope at point x.

Plot the deflection Graph: (should know all general curves
of beam)
The point where the moment is zero in moment diagram, this point is known
is point of inflection and at this point, the curve changes it shape. And at the
point of maximum deflection, slope is zero
Complex Cases
• The above method is good to be used for simple loading cases but for complex cases finding the
moment equation is difficult as it involves finding more than one equations.
• If the loading is complex/ unsymmetric then there would be two or more than two moment equations.
• For example, there would be a moment eq. at X1 and another at X2 in the beam shown in slide
above.
• First equation would be valid till from point A to B and other would be valid from point B to C9
2nd Method: Discontinuity

function
10
Discontinuity Function
When the loadings get complex in previous method, this
method is applied to simplify the equation modeling of
equations for slope and deflection. There are two functions
that would be used:
Macaulay Function: Defines a general equation for

Distributed loadings.
Singularity Function: Defines a general equation for

point loadings and moments
Macaulay Function and
Singularity Function
nd Similarities in beam problems and keep on adding all the load cases (Principle of superposit
X is the point where we need to find deflection and slope on beam, as in previous method.
Step 1 (FBD)

Step 2 (Relate FBD toA: Table)
Case 2:
W= -8 (x- 0)^-1
B: Case 2:
W= 6 (x – 10)^-1
C: Not included
Note:
In this method, the loadings at the other e
are not counted in equations (Never), for
Cantilever beams, start point is fixed end.
So, the loadings on the right end are missed ou
Final Equation:
W= -8 (x- 0)^-1 + 6 (x – 10)^-1

Similarly make equation of moments and follow
Engr. Saad Akram, DME, step
IST 3 onwards of elastic equation. 14
Book Example
• It’s a cantilever beam, so we start from left end.
• At first, draw FBD and find reactions at A.
• After that, find similarity from table.
• The loading of 8KN/m (Distributed) case can not be found in table, so

we develop similarity by a bit of adjustment as shown in next slide.
Why? Since in table, the distributed load is continued till the end of beam but over here
the load has just ended mid way, so the case is different, if we start from right side the
case may be same but again, it’s a cantilever beam and here we always start from fixed
end
Engr. (left
Saad Akram,side)
DME, IST 15
Now write Final Equation of moment and integrate it to find deflection and slope using
Boundary conditions.
3rd Method: Moment Area

Method
17
Step 1
• Draw Moment Diagram and instead of M on Y axis, find
M/EI.

Step 2
• Draw Elastic Curve (Rough)
• And mark points of maximum and zero slope, like here

at point A slope is zero. For simply supported beam with
point load at mid, slope would be zero at mid point.
• Slope would be calculated from Point where it known,

“like at point A, where it is zero”.

Step 3 (Theorems)
Theorem 1: Determines angle between any two
tangents (Slope)
Slope = Area under the M/EI Curve diagram
Theorem 2: Determines vertical distance between

two tangents (Deflection)
Deflection = (Area under the curve till deflection is

needed) x (centroid)
Step 3:
1: Apply Theorem 1:
Slope at B: (PL/EI)*(L)/2
2: Apply Theorem 2:
Deflection: (LPL/2EI)(L/3)

Deflection at c
A C
ϑa
T b/a
ϑca
tca
8m
ϑa
T b/a
2m
ϑa
Tca+ Tc
Tb/a / 8 = (Tca + Tc) / 2

• Tb/a = Area moment of inertia at point B
• Tc/a= Area moment of inertia at point C
Basically, we can say that Tb/a or Tc/a is the vertical

distance from the slope to the tangent line at that
location.

Method of Superposition
Case 1

Method of Superposition
Case 2

Statically Indeterminate Beams
Methods to find deflection and slope in statically
indeterminate beams:
1: Method of Integration
2: Moment Area Method
3: Method of Superposition

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Deflection of

Engr. Saad Akram, DME, IST

3: By Moment Area Method

Engr. Saad Akram, DME, IST 2

Like for a Cantilever Beam, general equation of moment

Engr. Saad Akram, DME, IST 4

v is deflection at location x, and dv/dx is slope at location x.

1: (First Integration for slope equation)

2: (Second integration for deflection eq.)

Engr. Saad Akram, DME, IST 5

1: For cantilever: v and dv/dx is 0 and x=L (fixed end)

3: For pin: v=0

4: Free end: M=0

Engr. Saad Akram, DME, IST 6

Now put other BC: v=0 at x= L

Engr. Saad Akram, DME, IST 7

moment equation is difficult as it involves finding more than one equations.

2nd Method: Discontinuity

Macaulay Function: Defines a general equation for

Singularity Function: Defines a general equation for

Engr. Saad Akram, DME, IST 13

So, the loadings on the right end are missed ou

W= -8 (x- 0)^-1 + 6 (x – 10)^-1

• At first, draw FBD and find reactions at A.

• After that, find similarity from table.

• The loading of 8KN/m (Distributed) case can not be found in table, so

3rd Method: Moment Area

Engr. Saad Akram, DME, IST 18

• And mark points of maximum and zero slope, like here

• Slope would be calculated from Point where it known,

Engr. Saad Akram, DME, IST 19

Slope = Area under the M/EI Curve diagram

Theorem 2: Determines vertical distance between

Deflection = (Area under the curve till deflection is

Engr. Saad Akram, DME, IST 21

Tb/a / 8 = (Tca + Tc) / 2

Engr. Saad Akram, DME, IST 22

Basically, we can say that Tb/a or Tc/a is the vertical

Engr. Saad Akram, DME, IST 23

Engr. Saad Akram, DME, IST 24

Engr. Saad Akram, DME, IST 25

2: Moment Area Method

Engr. Saad Akram, DME, IST 26

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