Centeral

Nervous
System
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Table of contents

01 The Central Nervous System

02 The Human Brain

03 Fore Brain

04 Mid Brain
 01
The Central
Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
(CNS) is the most important
unit in an organism as it is the
‘centre’ or the hub which
instigates information,
commands and coordinates and
also influences all the other
activities within a body. Thus, it
is often called the central
processing unit of the body.
The central nervous system is
made up of the brain and spinal
cord.
Bony coverings protect both the brain and the spinal cord. On
the interior of these bony coverings are three membranes
(meninges) that provide additional protection:
The dura mater
Outer membrane, lying closest to the bony
covering of the brain and spinal cord

The arachnoid membrane

Middle membrane, a cobweb-appearing
membrane

The pia mater

inner membrane, which lies closest to the
brain and spinal cord
Bony coverings protect both the brain and the spinal cord. On
the interior of these bony coverings are three membranes
(meninges) that provide additional protection:
The epidural space
space between the dura mater and the inner
surface of the bony covering

The subdural space

space between the dura mater and the
arachnoid membrane

The subarachnoid space

space between the arachnoid membrane and
the pia mater
• The central nervous system
is protected and cushioned
by cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF)

• choroids plexus-ventricles

• bathes the brain and spinal

cord-circulating from the
ventricles into the
subarachnoid space

• Blood-brain barrier
The central nervous system is composed of white matter and
gray matter. White matter makes up the inner part of the brain
and the outer portion of the spinal cord. Gray matter makes up the
thin outer layer of the brain and the inner portion of the spinal
cord. Small segments of gray matter are also embedded deep
within certain parts of the white matter of the brain
The human
brain
02
The human brain

• The human brain controls nearly

every aspect of the human body
ranging from physiological
functions to cognitive abilities.

• On average, an adult brain

weighs between 1.0 kg – 1.5 kg.

• protected by the bony covering

of the skull-skull consists of 22
bones
Major parts of the human brain:

• Forebrain – Largest part of the

brain
• Midbrain: Smallest and central
part of the brain
• Hindbrain: The lower part of
the brain
Forebrain
03
Forebrain – Largest part of the brain

Its two major components are the telencephalon and the

diencephalon.

Telencephalon
The telencephalon includes most of the two symmetrical
cerebral hemispheres that make up the cerebrum. The
cerebral hemispheres are covered by the cerebral
cortex and contain the limbic system and the basal
ganglia.
Cerebrum

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and controls

many of its functions, including:

• Motor functions: Initiates and coordinates

movement
• Senses: Controls hearing, vision, touch, and other
senses
• Cognitive functions: Controls speech, thought,
emotions, reading, writing, learning, judgment,
reasoning, and problem-solving
• Temperature regulation: Regulates body
temperature
Cerebrum

The cerebrum is made up of two hemispheres, the left

and right cerebral hemispheres, which are connected by
the corpus callosum.
The corpus callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers that
connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain,
allowing them to communicate and share information
Cerebral Cortex

Millions of axons run beneath the cerebral cortex and connect its
neurons with those located elsewhere in the brain. Different
regions of the cerebral cortex perform different functions. Three
regions receive information from the sensory organs.

• The primary visual cortex

• The primary auditory cortex
• The primary somatosensory cortex
Cerebral cortex is divided into four areas, or lobes, named
for the bones of the skull that cover them:

The frontal lobe Parietal lobe

(the "front") includes everything in (the "wall") is located on the side of
front of the central sulcus. It is the cerebral hemisphere, just
associated with parts of speech, behind the central sulcus, caudal to
planning, reasoning, problem- the frontal lobe. It helps in
solving and movements. movements, the perception of
stimuli and orientation.

Temporal lobe Occipital lobe

(the "temple") juts forward from the (from the Latin of "in back of" and
base of the brain, ventral to the caput "head") lies at the very back
frontal and parietal lobes. It is of the brain, caudal to the parietal
related to visual processing. and temporal lobes. This region is
related to perception and
recognition of memory, auditory
stimuli and speech.
Limbic System

• The limbic system is a complex network of structures in the

forebrain that plays a crucial role in regulating emotions,
motivation, and memory.
• It is deeply involved in emotional responses, behavioural
drives, and memory formation.

Key Structures:
• Amygdala: Key to processing emotions, especially fear and
pleasure.
• Hippocampus: Essential for the formation of new memories and
spatial navigation.
• Cingulate Gyrus: Involved in emotion regulation and processing,
decision-making, and pain perception.
Basal Ganglia

• The basal ganglia are a group of structures located deep within the
forebrain that are primarily responsible for regulating movement
and coordination. They play an essential role in facilitating
voluntary motor actions and habitual behaviors.
• The basal ganglia help regulate voluntary motor movements,
ensuring smooth and coordinated actions.
• They are involved in procedural learning, which is the type of
learning that deals with habits and skills.
• They also influence routine behaviors, helping automate actions
that are repeated frequently.
• Key components ar the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus
pallidus
Diencephalon

• The diencephalon is centrally located within the brain

sitting at the top of the brain stem above the midbrain and
under the cerebrum. It is part of the third ventricle of the
brain. Along with the cerebrum, the diencephalon is part of
the forebrain.

• It is divided into four main structures—the thalamus,

hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus.
Thalamus

Anatomy Function
• The thalamus looks like two paired • The thalamus also receives sensory
"bulbs" consisting of mostly grey and motor signals from the body and
matter that sit on each side of the relays this information to the
third ventricle of the brain. These cerebral cortex. It plays a crucial role
bulbs sit atop the subthalamus and in regulating consciousness and
are also connected to the alertness.
epithalamus. The two parts of the • With the exception of the sense of
thalamus are connected via the smell, all of our sensory input is
interthalamic adhesion. processed by the thalamus including
• Multiple nerve fibers connect the visual input coming from the retina,
thalamus to the cerebral cortex. It is auditory information, pain, touch
supplied with blood via four arteries and temperature. The thalamus is
the tuberothalamic artery, the also connected to mood and
paramedian artery, the motivation (via the limbic system)
thalamogeniculate artery, and the and plays a role in motor language
medial and lateral posterior function and cognition
Epithalamus

• The epithalamus makes up the posterior portion of the

diencephalon and consists of multiple structures including
the habenula, the stria medullaris, and the pineal gland.
The habenula are connected to the diencephalon by a
group of nerve fibers called the habenular commissure.

• The stria medullaris is also a group of nerve fibers that

connects the septal nuclei, lateral preoptic hypothalamic
region, and anterior thalamic nuclei to the habenula. The
pineal gland is unpaired and approximately 5-7 millimeters
(mm) in size.
Epithalamus

• The epithalamus contains the pineal gland which

secretes melatonin. Melatonin is responsible for the sleep-
wake cycle (circadian rhythm) in humans. Nerve pathways
also connect the epithalamus with the limbic system and
basal ganglia.
Subthalamus

• Ventral to the thalamus is the subthalamus. The main

structure within the subthalamus is the subthalamic
nucleus which is divided into three subsections, the
dorsolateral motor territory, ventromedial associative
territory, and medial limbic territory.

• Other important structures within the subthalamus include

the zona incerta, the reticular nucleus, and the
perigeniculate nucleus.
Subthalamus

• The subthalamus is a region of the diencephalon that plays a

key role in connecting various brain areas and regulating the
peripheral nervous system. It also links the endocrine and
nervous systems, as well as the limbic system. Its main
components include:
• Zona Incerta: Stimulates the thalamus, influencing smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle, gland function, focus, reflexes, and
more.
• Reticular Nucleus: Regulates the thalamocortical pathway and
contributes to consciousness.
• Perigeniculate Nucleus: Involved in visual processing.
• Subthalamic Nucleus: Plays a role in somatic motor control.
Hypothalamus

• The hypothalamus is a very small cone-shaped structure that

lies beneath the thalamus. Despite its small size, it is one of
the most important structures in the human brain. The
hypothalamus ends in the pituitary stalk (also called the
infundibular stalk) which connects it to the pituitary gland.

• The median eminence is a collection of nerve endings from

neurosecretory cells that run the length of the pituitary stalk
to the pituitary gland. Other adjacent structures include the
mammillary bodies and the optic chiasm.
Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus produces hormones that control:

• Body temperature
• Appetite
• Metabolism
• Emotions, behavior, memory
• Circadian rhythms
• Growth
• The regulation of fluid and electrolyte levels in the body, which
in turn maintains functions such as blood pressure
• Sex drive
• Oxytocin plays an important role in childbirth and
breastfeeding
Mid Brain
04
Midbrain- Smallest and central part of the brain

The mid brain is a small but important part of the brain that
connects the forebrain and hindbrain and play vital role in many
functions.

Location
The mid brain is located at the top of the brainstem, below the
cerebral
cortex.
Function

The mid brain is involved in many functions including

1-Motor movement
2-Sensory processing
3-Sleep/Wake cycle
4-Pain
Function

1-Motor movement
The mid brain controls motor movement and reflexes, allowing
you to
respond to situations like touching a hot stove.
2-Sensory processing
The mid brain processes visual and auditory signals.
3- Sleep / Wake cycle
The mid brain play a role in the sleep/wake cycle.
4- Pain
The mid brain plays a role in pain.
Divisions

The mid brain can be divided into three portions.

1- Tectum(posterior)
2- Tegmentum
3- Cerebral peduncles(anterior)
Divisions

1- Tectum
The tectum is a region in the mid brain that plays a crucial role in
sensory processing and integration.
2- Tegmentum
The tegmentum is a region in the midbrain part of the brain stem,
playing
a crucial role in various functions. Motor control, sensory
processing,
arousal and alertness, emotional regulations.
3- Cerebral peduncles
Cerebral peduncles are bundles of nerve fibres connecting the
forebrain
and hindbrain, playing a crucial role in motor control, sensory
Damage

A lesion in the mid brain such as a stroke, tumour,

inflammation, or
infection can damage the oculomotor nerve and cause the eye
to position itself downward and outward.
Thank You