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    Flame Spectrophotometry & Atomic Absorption Spectrometry: Gul Muhammad M.Phil. Pharma-Chemistry

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    Flame Spectrophotometry & Atomic Absorption Spectrometry: Gul Muhammad M.Phil. Pharma-Chemistry

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    5 views13 pages

    Flame Spectrophotometry & Atomic Absorption Spectrometry: Gul Muhammad M.Phil. Pharma-Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    sikandershah201988

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 13

    Flame Spectrophotometry

    & Atomic
    Absorption Spectrometry

    Gul Muhammad
    M.Phil. Pharma-Chemistry
    ATOMS
    Atom : Smallest particle of an element.

    Bohr’s shell
    model: SODIUM n = 1 (K)
    atom Lowest
    Electrons energy
    level
    n = 2 (L)
    n = 3 (M)
    Highest
    energy
    level
    Nucleus

    Shells
    •Nucleus- protons (+ve) and
    neutrons (neutral).
    •Electrons- (-ve) charged
    particle.
    •Shells- consists of subshells.
    Flame Spectrophotometry
    Also known as Flame emission /Flame

    photometry /Atomic emission spectroscopy.


    Study of Radiant Energy

    A flame by its heat can raise atoms from lower

    energy to an excited state of higher energy.


    Emission through Radiation.

    Determination of radiant energy.


    Cont….
    Spectrometer lines constitutes the emission
    spectrum of atom obtained.
    Intensity of lines measured by photoelectric
    cell is qualitative and quantitative analysis.
    Principle Process

    Solution containing a metallic salt is aspirated into a


    flame
    Evaporating solvent leaving the solid,
    Dissociating solid by vaporization by gaseous
    atoms,
    Raising atoms of the metal to higher energy
    level by heat of the flame,
    Emitting energy in the form of radiation.

    For e.g.:-
    Orange color is imparted to the flame by calcium
    compounds.
    Colors imparted to flame by
    various compounds
    Instrumentation
    Basic components of a flame emission spectrophotometer
    Nebulizers or atomizer
    Nebulizers or atomizer :Samples before they
    can get into the flame must be converted into a fine
    spray i.e nebulized. The fine mist is then burnt in either
    laminar flow burner or total consumption burner.
     The aerosol is desolvated ,vaporised and atomised in the
    flame of the burner.
     In this some of the atoms are raised to a higher energy
    level. When these excited atoms fall to the ground state
    radiation is emitted.
     The emitted radiation passes through a monochromator
    which selects a given emission line & isolates this line
    from other lines.
     The intensity of the line thus selected is determined by a
    detecor photocell.
     The output of the detector is amplified & read on a
    meter.
     Burner : There are 2 types of burner in use.
     Laminar flow the fine mist or aerosol of sample
    solution is produced in a vaporisation chamber.
     The larger droplets of liquid formed fall out of the gas
    stream & are allowed to flow out to a waste.
     The fine aerosol is mixed with the fuel gas and oxidant
    gas and sent to the burner head where it burns
    producing a flame.
     Total consumption burner is made of 3 concentric
    tubes.
     The central tube is a fine capillary tube . The sample
    solution is carried up by this tube directly into flame.
    The fuel gas and the oxidant gas are sent to the burner
    head seperately and they mix only at the tip of the
    burner .It is simple to manufacture allows a totally
    representative sample to reach the flame and its free
    from hazards of explosion.
    Total consumption burner
    Flame Photometers
    Monochromators : In sophisticated
    instruments prisms or sometimes diffraction
    gratings are used.However for routine
    analysis of such elements as
    calcium,sodium,potassium a simple filter
    might suffice.
    Photocells: These are the usual detectors in
    a flame photometer. Unfortunately the flame
    instability reduces their accuracy.Therfore a
    multi channel polychromator is used in some
    routine procedures to allow measurement of
    up to six elements simultaneously.
    Application
    Flame photometry is useful for the
    determination of alkali and alkaline earth
    metals.
    It is used in the study of electrolyte balance
    in physiology and in clinical analysis.
    Used in determination of lead in petrol.
    Used in the study of equilibrium constants
    involving in ion exchange resins.
    Used in determination of calcium and
    magnesium in cement.

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