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G9 Science Q2 Week 1 Quantum

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3 views

G9 Science Q2 Week 1 Quantum

Uploaded by

carmelleduenas386
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 41

Quantum Theory

and the Atom


ELECTRONS IN ATOMS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE

PREPARED BY: TYPE YOUR NAME HERE


LEARNING OBJECTIVE

 Explainhow the Quantum


Mechanical Model of the atom
describes the energies and
positions of the electrons
Learning Goals

 Compare the Bohr and quantum mechanical


models of the atom.
 Explain the impact of de Broglie’s wave
particle duality and the Heisenberg
uncertainty principle on the current view of
electrons in atoms.
 Identify the relationships among a hydrogen
atom’s energy levels, sublevels, and atomic
orbitals.
Bohr’s Model of the
Einstein’s theory of light’s dual
Atom
nature accounted for several
unexplainable phenomena, but it
did not explain why atomic
emission spectra of elements were
discontinuous.
Bohr’s Model of the Atom

In1913, Niels Bohr, a Danish


physicist working in
Rutherford’s laboratory,
proposed a quantum model for
the hydrogen atom that
seemed to answer this
question.
Bohr’s Model of the
Atom
The lowest allowable energy state
of an atom is called its ground
state.
When an atom gains energy, it is
in an excited state.
Bohr’s Model of the
Atom
 Bohr suggested that an electron moves around
the nucleus only in certain allowed circular
orbits.
Bohr’s Model of the
Atom
Eachorbit was given a
number, called the
quantum number.
Bohr orbits are like steps
of a ladder, each at a
specific distance from the
nucleus and each at a
specific energy.
Bohr’s Model of the
Atom
Hydrogen’s single electron is in the
n = 1 orbit when it is in the ground
state.
When energy is added, the electron
moves to the n = 2 orbit.
Bohr’s Model of the
Atom
The electron releases energy as it
falls back towards the ground
state.
Bohr’s Model of the
Atom
 Bohr’smodel explained the hydrogen’s
spectral lines, but failed to explain any
other element’s lines.
 For
this and other reasons, the Bohr
model was replaced with a more
sophisticated model called the quantum-
mechanical or wave-mechanical model.
Quantum Mechanical
Model
 Louisde Broglie (1892–1987)
hypothesized that particles, including
electrons, could also have wavelike
behaviors.
 Electrons do not behave like particles
flying through space.
We cannot, in general, describe their exact
paths.
Quantum Mechanical
Model
 Heisenberg showed it is impossible to
take any measurement of an object
without disturbing it.
 TheHeisenberg uncertainty principle
states that it is fundamentally impossible
to know precisely both the velocity and
position of a particle at the same time.
Quantum Mechanical
Model
The only quantity that can
be known is the probability
for an electron to occupy a
certain region around the
nucleus.
Quantum Mechanical
Model
 Schrödingertreated electrons as waves
in a model called the quantum
mechanical model of the atom.
 Schrödinger’sequation applied equally well
to elements other than hydrogen (unlike
Bohr’s model).
Quantum Mechanical
Model
Orbitals are different from
orbits in that they
represent probability maps
that show a statistical
distribution of where the
electron is likely to be
found.
Quantum Mechanical
Model
 Inthe quantum-mechanical
model, a number and a letter
specify an orbital.
 The lowest-energy orbital is
called the 1s orbital.
Itis specified by the number
1 and the letter s.
Hydrogen’s Atomic
Orbitals
The number is called the
Principal quantum number (n)
and it indicates the relative size
and energy of atomic orbitals.
n specifies the atom’s major
energy levels, called the principal
energy levels.
Hydrogen’s Atomic
Orbitals
 Energy sublevels are contained within the
principal energy levels.
Hydrogen’s Atomic
Orbitals
 Each energy sublevel relates to orbitals of
different shape.

s, p, d, f

s, p, d
s, p
s
Hydrogen’s Atomic
Orbitals
 s sublevel:
Hydrogen’s Atomic
Orbitals
 p sublevel:
Hydrogen’s Atomic
Orbitals
 d sublevel:
Hydrogen’s Atomic
Orbitals
 f sublevel:
Hydrogen’s Atomic
Orbitals
 Orbitals are sometimes represented by dots,
where the dot density is proportional to the
probability of finding the electron.
 The dot density for the 1s orbital is greatest
near the nucleus and decreases farther away
from the nucleus.
 The electron is more likely to be found close to
the nucleus than far away from it.
Hydrogen’s Atomic
Orbitals
Hydrogen’s Atomic
Orbitals
 Atany given time, hydrogen’s
electron can occupy just one
orbital.
 When hydrogen is in the ground state,
the electron occupies the 1s orbital.
 When the atom gains a quantum of
energy, the electron is excited to one
of the unoccupied orbitals.
Quantum Numbers

A set of quantum numbers gives an


information about the atomic orbital
where an electrons may be found
 A. principal
 B. Azimuthal
 C. Magnetic
 D. Spin
A. Principal quantum number (n)
- indicates the energy level
n= 1,2,3,4 ….

B. Azimutham Quantum Number (ℓ)


- specifies the sublevel or subshell
ℓ= 0 to n-1
c. Magnetic quantum number (mℓ)
- indicates the specific orbital within the sublevel
where the electron is found
-ℓ to +ℓ

Example: 0
n=1, ℓ = 0 , mℓ =

n =2, ℓ = 0,1 , mℓ =
0, -1, 0, +1
D. Spin quantum Number
- according to Pauli Exclusion
Principle, only a maximum of
two electrons can occupy an
orbital, and they must have
opposite spins to minimize
repulsion between them.
+ ½ or - ½
7 | 36

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.


1.What are the possible sets of
quantum numbers that can
describe a 2p electron in an
atom?
2. Give the set of quantum
numbers for each of the six
electrons that occupy the 4p
orbitals
3.Give the electron configuration of
Li. Give the set of quantum
numbers that describe the
outermost electron in lithium as
shown in the orbital diagram below.

4. Give the set of quantum


numbers of Cr
Determine the element whose outermost valence
electron is represented by the following quantum
numbers.
a. n=1, l= 0, ml= 0, ms=-1/2
b. n=2, l=1, ml= 0, ms= +1/2
c. n=3, l=1, ml= 0, ms= +1/2
d. n=4, l=2, ml= 0, ms= +1/2
e. n= 6, l=0, ml= 0, ms= -1/2
Which of the following are 7 | 40

permissible sets of quantum


numbers?
 n = 4, l = 4, ml = 0, ms = ½
 n = 3, l = 2, ml = 1, ms = -½
 n = 2, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = ³/²
 n = 5, l = 3, ml = -3, ms = ½
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