Respiration Ppt (1)

Human Respiration
Includes cellular respiration AND

Gas Exchange
Figure 42.23ab The mammalian respiratory system
Human Respiratory System
 Nasal Cavity
 Pharynx
 Epiglottis
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Bronchioles
 Alveoli
 Diaphragm
1. Nasal Cavity
 Air enters through the nostrils.

 The nasal cavity is lined with a ciliated
mucus membrane
 This cleans, warms, moisturizes the air
2. Pharynx
 Place where the oral and nasal cavities
meet
3. Epiglottis
 A flap of tissue which covers the opening of
the trachea during swallowing
4. Larynx
 In the top of the trachea
 Also called the voice box
 It contains vocal chords which allows for
speech
 Bigger in males; a deeper voice requires
longer chords, and a bigger housing to keep
them in
5. Trachea
 Called the windpipe
 Tube in which air travels from the pharynx to
the lungs
 Lined with a ciliated mucus membrane
 Ringed with cartilage; keeps tube open
during breathing
6. Bronchi
 Singular: Bronchus
 A branching of the trachea
 Lined with a mucus membrane and ringed
with cartilage
 There are two of these in the body
7. Bronchioles
 A branching of the bronchi
 Lined with a mucus membrane
 Ends in alveoli
8. Alveoli
 Singular: Alveolus
 Lungs contain millions of these
 Grape-shaped structures
 The walls of these are thin and moist
 Surrounded by capillaries
 1 cell layer thick
 Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries
 Carbon dioxide and water diffuse from
capillaries and are exhaled
Alveoli
 The alveoli are moist,
thin-walled pockets
which are the site of
gas exchange.
 A slightly oily
surfactant prevents the
alveolar walls from
collapsing and sticking
together.
Carbon dioxide transport
 Carbon dioxide
can dissolve in
plasma, and
about 70% forms
bicarbonate ions.
 Some carbon
dioxide can bind
to hemoglobin
for transport.
Figure 42.23cx1 Alveolar structure of mouse lung
Figure 42.23c Alveoli
Figure 42.23cx2 Alveolar structure of mouse lung
6-8. LUNG
 Each bronchus with it’s bronchioles and
alveoli make up a lung
9. Diaphragm
 A muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity
 It changes the pressure in the chest, causes
breathing
Gas Exchange
 Oxygen diffuses from alveolicapillaries
 It loosely bonds to hemoglobin, forming
oxyhemoglobin
 The oxygen separates from the blood in the
body tissues
 Carbon Dioxide and water diffuse from cells
into capillaries
 Carbon dioxide is carried in the form of
bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
 In lungs, these wastes diffuse from the
capillaries into alveoli
Breathing
 Air moves into and out of lungs
 Lungs contain no muscles, but are elastic,
so how do you breathe?
 By pressure changes in the chest caused
by:
 Changes in the diaphragm and intercostal
muscles: muscles between ribs which
causes the rib cage to get bigger and
smaller
Inhalation
 Ribs push up and out
 The diaphragm moves down
 Makes the chest cavity bigger, which
reduces pressure around the lungs
 Air rushes in from the outside to fill the lungs
Exhalation
 Ribs move in and down
 Diaphragm moves up
 These make the chest cavity smaller,
increasing the pressure, air leaves the lungs
Breathing
Breathing Rate
 Controlled by medulla in brain
 Breathing center in brain senses CO2 levels
in blood
 When CO2 is high, impulses are sent to
diaphragm which increases breathing rate
 As CO2 levels drop, breathing slows
 This is called a negative feedback
mechanism
Disorders of the Respiratory System
 Asthma: Allergic reaction where bronchial
tubes narrow and make breathing difficult
 Bronchitis: Inflammation of bronchial tube
linings. Swelling causes air passages to
become narrowed and mucus filled.
Coughing and difficulty breathing is a result
 Emphysema: Walls of the alveoli break
down. This decreases surface area.
Shortness of breath, difficulty in breathing,
decreased lung capacity is a result
RESPIRATION
The manufacture of ATP from

glucose
Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)
 The only useable form of energy for living
cells
Cellular Respiration
A series of enzyme-controlled reactions in
which the chemical bond energy released
by the breakdown of glucose is transferred
to the bonds of ATP.
 This happens in the mitochondria for aerobic
cellular respiration
 It happens in the cytoplasm for anaerobic
cellular respiration
ATPADP + P Conversions
 When ATP is hydrolyzed, Adenosine
Diphosphate (ADP) and a phosphate (P) is
produced, and ENERGY is released. This
energy is used for the reactions of cell
metabolism
Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic: Without Air
 Also called fermentation
 Lactic Acid Fermentation: In bacteria and
animal muscle cells: Glucose2 lactic
acid + 2ATP
 Alcoholic Fermentation:In yeast: Glucose2
Alcohol + 2CO2 + 2ATP
Products of Fermentation
Lactic Acid:
 Cheese
 Buttermilk
 Yogurt
 Dill pickles
Alcoholic:
 Baking
 Wine/ Beer/ Liquor
In the
Mitochondria

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Human Respiration

Includes cellular respiration AND

 Air enters through the nostrils.

The manufacture of ATP from

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