Quantum States L3

Atomic Structure
RheneilwRheneilwe Andries Sekhala (Mr); MSc(UZ), BSc (UZ)

Email: rsekhala@gmail.com
Cell: +263 773 255 259
Office No. 10 New Wing; Department of Space Science and
Applied Physics ;
Electron spin
 It was postulated that electron might be rotating about its
own axis.
 The name ‘spin’ was given to this kind of motion of the
electron.
 The angular momentum associated with the spin motion of
the electron is called intrinsic spin angular momentum.
 In classical picture electron is regarded as a charged
sphere, which rotates about its own axis. The motion of the
electron in an atom may be compared with that of earth’s
motion. The angular momentum of the earth due to its
rotation about its own axis corresponds to the intrinsic spin
angular momentum
 . In quantum picture, the spin is regarded as an intrinsic
property characterizing an electron in the same way as its
charge and mass do.
Quantum numbers
1. Principle quantum number
2. Orbital quantum number l,
3. magnetic quantum number
4. spin quantum number
Quantum numbers
1. Principle quantum number, n: : This quantum number
determines the total energy of electron in the atom and the
average distance of electron from nucleus. It can take integral
values 1, 2, 3, …. The greater the value of n; greater is the
energy of electron.
2. Orbital (azimuthal) quantum number (l): This quantum

number determines the orbital angular momentum of electron.
The magnitude of orbital angular momentum of electron is given
by
Where l is the orbital quantum number

For a given value of principal quantum number n, the orbital
quantum number can take integral values 0, 1, 2, ……(n – 1). The
quantum number l also gives the shape of probability distribution
curve. The electrons with l = 0, 1, 2, 3…. are called s, p, d, f electrons
resp ectively
Quantum numbers
3. Magnetic Quantum Number ( ): The
angular momentum vector cannot take all
orientations in space; only certain directions are
allowed. This feature of vector is called space
quantization. The allowed orientations of vector
are such that its components along any fixed
direction, say z-axis, are given by
Where is an interger called magnetic quantum

number
For a given value of l, the quantum number can
take integrally spaced values from – to + .
Quantum number
4. Spin quantum number (): Relativistic
quantum mechanics shows that electron
possesses an intrinsic angular momentum S
whose magnitude is given by
where s is the spin quantum number
It assumes only one value 1/2. The vector s can
have only two directions. The projection of vector
s onto any fixed axis, say z-axis, are given by
=
Quantum numbers
 Thus, the state of an electron, in an atom is
described by four quantum numbers n, l,
and
 Now we shall find the number of quantum
states corresponding to various values of
principal quantum number n
Example: find the number of quantum state
that corresponds to principle quantum
number n=1
Quantum numbers
Solution
We have so for n=1 we have two quantum
states defined by quantum number
And
According to Pauli exclusion principle, no two
electrons can occupy the same state
Quantum states
 Shells are designated according to the
following scheme:
n 1 2 3 4 5
shell K L M N O
 K shells has 2 states hence 2 electrons

 The quantum states, which have the same
value of l are said to constitute a sub-shell.
The above two states have the same value of
l (= 0) and therefore form a sub-shell.
Quantum states
 The sub-shells are designated according to
the following scheme:
 K has only one sub shell denoted by s
Azimathal 0 1 2 3 4 5 ....
quantum
number
Sub shell s p d f g h ...

Quantum states
Example: find the number of quantum states
for n=2
Solution:
Quantum states
 L-shell has two sub shells i.e. s and p. it has 8 states
 The pair of quantum states of a sub-shell differing in spin

quantum numbers only, are called orbital.
 The s sub-shell contains one orbital and p sub-shell contains
three orbitals, usually designated as .
 Each orbital can accommodate two electrons with opposite
spins.
PLEASE TRY THIS

Find the number of quantum states in n=3
Electronic configaration
Aufbau’s principle: The word Aufbau
means build up. According to this principle
the first electron in an atom occupies the
quantum state with lowest possible energy
and then the second electron goes to the
next quantum state having higher energy.
The sequence of energy levels in increasing
order of energy is 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3d <
4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
that “no two electrons in an atom can exist in
the same quantum state or each quantum
state is occupied by a single electron.
Hund’s rule
 The filling of electron in various orbitals of a sub-shell take place
according to Hund’s rule.
 This rule states that electrons prefer to occupy separate orbitals so
that they have parallel spins.
 In other words, the pairing of electrons will occur in any orbital of a
given sub-shell when all the available orbitals have one electron
each.
 According to this rule the electronic configuration of carbon,
nitrogen and oxygen atom will be as follows:
 h
Good day. Thank you

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Atomic Structure

RheneilwRheneilwe Andries Sekhala (Mr); MSc(UZ), BSc (UZ)

2. Orbital (azimuthal) quantum number (l): This quantum

Where l is the orbital quantum number

Where is an interger called magnetic quantum

 K shells has 2 states hence 2 electrons

Sub shell s p d f g h ...

 The pair of quantum states of a sub-shell differing in spin

PLEASE TRY THIS

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