ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY

Web
Programmin
g
FCSE / Computer Science​

Instructor: Chala Simon

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<q> Talk is cheap. Show me the code.</q> …...... Linus Torvalds (Founder of Linux kernel)
Chapter One The World Wide Web (WWW)

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What is Internet?
• The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer
networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between
networks and devices.
• It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business,
and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of
electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.
• The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as
the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the World Wide Web
(WWW), electronic mail, telephony, and file sharing.

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 … cont'd
• The Internet is a technical infrastructure
which allows billions of computers to be
connected all together.
• Computers connected to the web are
called clients and servers. A simplified
diagram of how they interact might look
like this:
Clients:
• are the typical web user's internet-connected devices (for example, your
computer connected to your Wi-Fi, or your phone connected to your mobile
network) and web-accessing software available on those devices (usually a
web browser like Firefox or Chrome).
Servers
• are computers that store webpages, sites, or apps. When a client device wants
to access a webpage, a copy of the webpage is downloaded from the server
onto the client machine to be displayed in the user's web browser.
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Web server
• a web server is a computer that stores web server software and a website's
component files
(for example, HTML documents, images, CSS stylesheets, and JavaScript files).

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Domain Name System
• The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of
the Internet. Humans access information online through
domain names, like amu.edu.et or ethiotelecom.et.
• Web browsers interact through Internet Protocol (IP)
addresses. DNS translates domain names to IP
addresses so browsers can load Internet resources.
• Each device connected to the Internet has a unique IP
address which other machines use to find the device.
• DNS servers eliminate the need for humans to
memorize IP addresses such as 192.168.1.1 (in IPv4), or
more complex newer alphanumeric IP addresses such
as 2400:cb00:2048:1::c629:d7a2
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(in IPv6). 6
 How does DNS work?

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Terminologies
• World Wide Web:
• a collection of data stored and shared in the digital space.
• Is called as the Web, the leading information retrieval service of the
Internet.
• Browser:
• A piece of software such as Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer that
allows a computer to access and display documents, view pictures, hear
sound, and view video clips from the World Wide Web.

• Webpage:
• is a document, commonly written in HTML, that is viewed in an Internet
browser. Web Programming 8
...cont'd
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):
• It is the set of rules by which Web pages are transferred across the Internet.
• Hypertext:
• A text which contains links to other texts.
• Hypertext documents are interconnected by hyperlinks, which are typically activated
by a mouse click, keypress set, or screen touch.
• Hyperlink:
• Text, images, graphics that, when clicked with a mouse (or activated by keystrokes)
will connect the user to a new Web site. The link is usually obvious, such as
underlined text or a "button" of some type, but not always.
• HTML:
• Is standard Markup Language for documents designed to be displayed in a web-
browser.
• is the most basic building block of the Web.
• Other technologies besides HTML are generally used to describe a web page's
appearance/presentation (CSS) or functionality/behavior (JavaScript).
• Markup Language is a computer language that uses tags to define elements within a9
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document.
…
• Website:
• A website (also written as web site) is a collection of web
pages and related content that is identified by a
common domain name and published on at least one web
server. The first page of a website is called home page.
a. Static websites:
• ones that are fixed and display the same content for every user,
usually written exclusively in HTML.
b. Dynamic websites:
• one that can display different content and provide user interaction, by
making use of advanced programming and databases in addition to
HTML

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 ...cont'd
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL):
• is one of the key concepts of the Web. It is the mechanism
used by browsers to retrieve any published resource on the
web.

URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the Web browser:

i. What transfer protocol to use for transporting the file
ii. The domain name of the computer on which the file resides
iii. The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on which the file resides
iv. The name of the file Web Programming 11
 How does HTTP work?

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Computer Programming Language
• Computer programming languages allow us to give instructions to a
computer in a language the computer understands.
• any of various languages for expressing a set of detailed instructions
for a digital computer.
• A programming language is a computer language programmers use
to develop software programs, scripts, or other sets
of instructions for computers to execute.

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 Programming and Web development
• Web development is coding or programming, which enables
website functionality based on client requirements and deals with
building websites’ non-design aspect.
• Web development can be used for complex web-based applications,
social network applications and electronic business applications based on
the requirement.
• Web development is as follows:
• Client-side coding
• Server-side coding
• Database technology
• Front-end development is of constructing what a user sees when they
load a web application.
• Back-end development mainly controls on the backend of a web
application. A back-end often uses a database to generate the front-end.
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Scripting Vs Programming Language
Programming Languages Scripting Languages
A programming language for a runtime
A programming language is a formal language that system that automates the execution of tasks that
specifies a set of instructions that can be used to would otherwise be performed individually by a
produce various kinds of output. It Consists of human operator.
instructions for a computer.

compiler- based language Interpreter based Language

written in one language and interpreted within

compressed into smaller packages that do not need to another program. For instance, JavaScript has to
be interpreted by another language or application. be incorporated within HTML, which the Internet
browser will then interpret.

Require hosting
Hosting is not required

e.g. C, C++, C#, Java, VC++, VB, BASIC, Pascal... e.g. JavaScript, VB script, PHP, Python, Lua. … etc.
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 Web content validation
• Web content validation – is the process by which content
of a web is checked/tested for validity.
• Web content can be validated:
• Validate by URI: Allows you to enter the address of a page
already on the internet for validation.
• Validate by File Upload: Allows you to upload an HTML file for
validation.
• Validate by Direct Input: Allows you to paste the contents of
an HTML file into the window for validation.
• Validate all markup documents on the following website:
• validator.w3.org

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Web design and Programming 17
EnD

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