A

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS
A Seiner Essay on The effect of food insecurity on education and health, Submitted to
Department of Economics For partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Arts (BA) Degree in
Economics
BY:-Getachew yerega

ID No 2959/05 ADVISOR: - Demile B. (MSC)

June 2015

ADIGRAT, ETHIOPIA

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Firstly above all, I would like to offer my deepest thanks to almighty God and his mother st,
Mariam having done for me.

Secondly my greatest gratitude goes to my advisor Ato Demile Basha for his unlimited
willingness and unreserved comments, evaluation advice from the beginning to the end of this
study.
Thirdly I would to extend my special thanks to my family who assisted me in different ways in
the completion of my study.

Finally, I owe so much to my class mates and my friends.

ABSETRACT

This paper entitled with assessing the effect of food insecurity on education and health in
Ganta Afeshum woreda, Adigrat zone,North of region. The general objective of the study is
to assess effect of food insecurity on education and health in the Ganta Afeshum woreda
and the specific objective is to assess dropout students with in a year and the number of
household are sponsored by government due to unable to treat themselves in the study
area. In this study descriptive technique was used for the analysis and interpretation of the
result. In the study 80 respondents are included in the survey through simple random and
stratified sampling technique. Among sampled households 65% of them are food secure
and 35% of them are food insecure. Based on the survey land productivity and land size
and above to 46 age human capital or unproductive age are the main factor that determine
food insecurity and indirect students are drop their education in the woreda. Regarding a
well health treatment, there have many factors ,such as lack of qualified worker, lack of
medicine ,distance of health center and un balanced diet are the main bottleneck to health
care in that werda. Finally, depending up on the result of analysis some policy
recommendations was recommended.

29

ACRONOMY
  ECLS--K EARLY CHILDHOOD LONGITUDINAL STUDY- KINDE
RGARTEN
 FAO ;FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION
 PCI; PER CAPITA INCOME

Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................6
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................6
1.1 background of the study....................................................................................................................6
1.2 Statement of the problem.................................................................................................................7
1.3Objective of these study.....................................................................................................................8
1.3.1General objective.........................................................................................................................8
1.3.2 Specific objective........................................................................................................................8
1. 4Scope of the study.............................................................................................................................8
1.5Methodology......................................................................................................................................9
1.5.1Sources of data............................................................................................................................9
1.5.2Sampling technique.....................................................................................................................9
1.5.3Sample size..................................................................................................................................9
1.5.4 Method of data analysis...........................................................................................................10
1.6organization of the paper.................................................................................................................10
1.7 Significance of the study..................................................................................................................10
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................................11
Literature review.......................................................................................................................................11
2.1 Theatrical literature.........................................................................................................................11
 2.1.1 Definition of basic concepts of food insecurity, Education and health.....................................11
2.1.4 The challenges of food security on Ethiopia.............................................................................12
2.1.5 Agricultural market challenge...................................................................................................12
2.1.6 Technology generation and dissemination challenge...............................................................13
2.18 CHILD HONGER IS AN EDUaCATIONAL PROBLEM......................................................................13
2.2.10 Challenges of health...............................................................................................................14
2.2 Empirical literature..........................................................................................................................14
Chapter three............................................................................................................................................16
3. Description of the study area............................................................................................................16

listof table

3.1 status of food insecurity......................................................................................................................17

3.2 Many students are drop out their education by the case if food insecure..........................................18
3.3. Land size and land productivity..........................................................................................................18
3. 4 The status of food secure house hold head (respondents..................................................................20
3.5.2 House hold respondent’s on sponsored to treat them selves..........................................................23
3.5.1 Students drop their education in case of food insecure on household respondents........................24
3.5 Educational status of respondents......................................................................................................25
3.7 The status of health center in the study are......................................................................................27
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
1.1 background of the study
Food is one of the basic human needs. In spite of these intention and great emphasis on
food production sector food deficiency remains a persistent problem in Africa
particularly in sub-share Africa. As a result number of hungry and malnutrition were
reached 140 million (FAO; 1998)

The major causes of food insecurity in Africa are numerous. That is climatic hazard,
severe environmental degradation rapid population growth, low purchasing power of the
people and recumbent brought (Broun etul1990). In the world food in security result from
climate change urban development, population growth and oil price shifts that are
interconnected and rarely contained by bored world health organization estimates that
approximately 60% of all children hood death in developing world is also citied with
chronic hunger and malnutrition. In developing country, persist malnutrition leaves
children weak, vulnerable and electable to fight such common children hood illnesses as
diarrhea, acute respiratory infections malaria and mueslis. In addition Ethiopia is one a
the developing countries characterized by low per capita income (PCI). Even though
agriculture is the backbone Of Ethiopia economy with more than 80% of total population
sources of livelihood, the country face recurrent food insecurity and become highly
depend on food aid due to divers climate, server soil degradation and rapid population
growth. As a result This lead to low agricultural productivity as the country and food
insecurity problem appeared to have occurred at high magnitude the country (world bank
1986, 1992)
 The income on Gant Afeshumwereda have seen depend on education; health and
agricultural sector are low. The majority of populations are gaining its livelihood directly
or indirectly from the aid sector and agriculture. The agriculture sector, education sector
and health sector in the woreda are characterized by low performance or low status even
cannot feed its people. So thirty sixth outstands eight hundred fivity eight (36858) of
people in the woreda are chronically food insecurity and even in good harvest year partly
relay on food aid to meet their minimum food requirement (safety net assistance
office,2003)

1.2 Statement of the problem

In Ethiopia the serious of food insecurity is varies from one area to another area.
According to various sources many period of food shortage have been recorded in
Ethiopia most as which concentrated drought and famine prone area (Tesfahun, f,2003).
Many research works have been done concerning these issues, some of these research
work done on the issues try to examine the effect of food done insecurity on education
and health. The majority caused food insecurity natural resources degradation, extreme
poverty, substance agriculture and variable rain full food insecurity in Ethiopia is highly
correlated with the rate of change in per-capita food production is very slow compare to
the rate of change in population. According to the veritable evidence, the size of food
insecurity people has varied between 40% and 50% over the last decodes , as cited by
ministry of economic development. The major challenges of food security in Ethiopia are
technological demographical infrastructural and institutional college (Tesfahun ’f,2003).

In the Ganta Afeshumwereda many number of people did not get enough food, education
and health service. But in the woreda the numbers of households that are food secure is
greater than food insecurity households. The major cause of food insecurity and as
shortage educational service in the woreda is; land degradation, land less households,
low soil fertility, luck of capital for investment and modern input. In general the study
area subject to risk that is creating by technical causes and special hazard, and low level
of agricultural productivity as a key problem (Safety net assistance office 2004)

The researcher would analyze and to find out about the effect of food insecurity on
education accessibility and health servant in the Ganta-AfeshumWereda at the pervious
 time many researchers have assessed different area. But they did not asses this specific
area or GantaAfeshum wereda. So the writer or researcher would use this specific area or
Ganta- Afeshum wereda .for this matter the researcher proper some research questions to
be addressed in this paper. Those are:

 How many of students are dropout within a year?

 How many households could access modern health center by their own sponsors?
 What are the determinist of number students are absentism or drop out in that
wereda?

1.3Objective of these study

1.3.1General objective
The general objective of the study is to asses’ effect at food insecurity on education and health in
the GantaAfeshumwereda.

1.3.2 Specific objective

Given the general objective above the specific objectives of the paper are:
 To identify the number of students drop out due to food insecurity in a year.
 To assess the number of households who are sponsored by the government
due to unable to treat themselves.

1. 4Scope of the study

As the title of the research indicates the research study is delimited to Ganta – Afesumwereda
which is found in Easter zone. This woreda contain 20 kebeles. Hence, the research is delimited
or from these kebeles the researcher was assess at least 4 kebeles randomly in that wereda. The
reason is that the researcher expects that 4 kebeles are symbolized the remain 16 kebeles. The
researcher decides to asses only 4 kebeles by under conceder the following reasons.

The researcher believes that it would be difficult to deal all kebeles because of economic
constraint and time limitation. The second one is the researcher expected that have a lack of
language.
1.5Methodology

1.5.1Sources of data
In order to complete the paper both primary and secondary data would employed. The
primary data was collected from households using structure questionnaires. The other
primary sources of data were collected, through unstructured interval from concern
government official of the wereda. The secondary data collected from books internet and
others.

1.5.2Sampling technique
The researcher would use random sampling techniques because the number of households in
GantaAfeshoumwereda above 97182 and these were a rate of time and ask more expenditure to
implement census.

1.5.3Sample size
1 The population is the study would on consisted on small house holds who are living in 20
kebeles of Gant Afeshum woreda by considering the determinates of sampling , such as
kebeles and households , sample size of 80 house woulddraw. At the first stage for krbeles
randomly would be selected form the woreda. Then classified the house holds based on
kebeles by using stratified formula. Forms:-

Wuhdet = 6993 N1

Semret = 5366 N2 Meregahit = 3092 N3

Bezet = 4320 N4

Then the total 4 kebele population size are = 19771

N= N1+N2+N3+ N4= 19771

n= n1+n2+n3+n4 sample size =80 Where N is the total population of 4 kebele

n1== 80)= 28 N1, kelele 1

n2== 80)= 22 N2, kebele 2
n3== 80)= 12 N3, kebele 3

n4== 80)=18 N4, kebele 4

n, the total sample size

, n1, sample size kelele 1

n2, sample size kelele 2
n3 sample size kelele 3
n4 sample size kelele 4

1.5.4 Method of data analysis

The data collected was analyzing by using descriptive analysis. So, the researcher was
analyzing using descriptive methods.
Using simple statically techniques like, percentage, table, graphic and others was
used.

1.6 Organization of the paper

The research paper would be structured in four chapters. The first chapter consists of the
introduction part and the second chapter deals with theoretical and empirical literature. The
third deals with analysis and discussion of the result. Finally, the last chapter four was
presented conclusion and recommendation based on the main finding of the research.

1.7 Significance of the study

The paper may be used as a benchmark for further study that was conduct on related
topics. It also important to create or achieve awareness about the effect of food
insecurity on education and health in the wereda. In addition to these it can also use to
motive concerning bodies to coordinate themselves, to struggle against problem and
to ensure food security, education quality and health care.
1.8 Limitation of the study
There were many problems that the researcher constraints while conducting the
research .These include:-
 Shortage of time.
 Financial constraints.
 Lack of organized data.
  Lack of sufficient material to conduct the research including computer and
internet service.
 Lack of language on the study area.

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review
2.1 Theatrical literature
2.1.1 Definition of basic concepts of food insecurity, Education and health.

Definition of basic concepts of food insecurity is different according to different authors and
different organizations. But their concept is generally the same.

Food insecurity implies when an individual household is unable to avail and access food for
the reasons of unavailability and inaccessibility. Unavailability refers to unable to have a
given quantity and quality of food to unable to have at given time on the form of either
through local production of through import. Inaccessibility shows un able to entitlement for
food primary through production, trade, inheritance and transfer. Food insecurity again refers
when al people of all time have no physical and economic access to sufficient, safe education
serves& health care and nutrition food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for
on active and health life (world food summit, 1996)

2.1. The cause of food insecurity in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is one of the least developed countries that characterized by the problem of food
insecurity. Some they are natural resource and environment degradation, diminishing farm
size and substance forming, and in about and variable rain full

A. Natural resource and environmental degradation.

The natural of agricultural development and food security in the country dependents on
the extent of the production system move from heave reliance on rain full system and the
 extent which forming is integrated with sustainable soil conservation and fertility
management. The wealth of Ethiopia depends on its ability to conserve and manage its
land resource. Soil degradation not only result in decreased food production, but also in
drought, ecological imbalance and consequent degradation of the quantity of life Berry,
2003)
B. Diminishing farm size and substance farming the growing population pressure in rural
Ethiopia and (limited possibility of expanding the total land area has generally led to
reduction on per-capita one size available for farming. There is no surplus for investment
and input purchase. Therefore, decline in farm land size and subsistence types of farming
lead to decline in food security statues of the population in the country.
(BerhanNega,2000)

2.1.4 The challenges of food security on Ethiopia

As tried to mention earlier Ethiopia is one is the food insecurity country in Africa.
This ;is mainly due to environmental crisis, land fragmentation, subsistence farming,
environmental and natural resource degradation, inadequate and erratic rain fall and
other which are responsible for low agricultural performance in the country (Berhanu
Negu,1999/2000).

2.1.5 Agricultural market challenge

Agricultural market challenge is one of the challenges to Ethiopia food security status as
well as agricultural performance of the country. Output market of the country is
characterized by lack of modernization. Limited number of large inters regional trades
with adequate storage and working capital, high handing costs and inadequate market
information system. The volume of grain marketed fall’s sharply in year poor harvest and
price rise considerably. It is estimated that about 79% of farmers anyway grain sales
occur immediately after harvest section. As a result, price drop when most farmers are
selling and rise when many farmers run out a stock and buying from the market
(Tesfahun f,2003).

2.1.6 Technology generation and dissemination challenge

Improved agricultural technology has yet to wide spread impact on agricultural
productivity and poverty. But due to the country level is technology is back ward that is
under developed like traditional farm tool and implements low level of improved
 agricultural inputs such as fertilizer, improved seeds and pesticide chemicals. Therefore
these factor hindrance to secure food in the country due to slow growth of both
agricultural production and food production (tesfahun.f2003).

2.1.6.1 Institutional challenge

In Ethiopia lack of institutions capable of launching just ainable development is one is the
other impediments to food security status. There are different formal and informal
institutions, of which most are engaged directly or indirectly in food production,
processing, marketing and consumption. Most of the formal institution in the country lack
of efficiency to achieve the desired objective.

The main constraints contributing to weak performance of institutions are weak capacity
and experience, inefficient man power management, poor facilities such as office and
office facilities, unstable organization of structure and poor incentive and promotion
policy (Tesfahun f, 2003)

2.18 CHILD HONGER IS AN EDUCATIONAL PROBLEM

Learning deficits on the earliest year of education have cumulative effect as children
continue through elementary school and beyond. Data from the early childhood
longitudinal study- kindergarte (ECLS-K) chart, which followed more than 21,000
children’s from kindergarten through third grade, showed that by the third grade, children
who had been food insecure in kindergarten head lower reading and mathematics scores
then their peers who had not been food unsecure in kindergarten. For example children in
families that had not been insecure in kindergarten had on average gain 84 points in
reading, compared with a 73-point gain among children who had experienced food
insecurity. The data also demonstrated the corrective effect of federal nutrition programs,
which can work to decrease or eliminate food insecurity in recipient households. Gain in
reading and mathematics score were higher for girls who entered SNAP between
kindergarten and third grade than for girls who left SNAP during that time. This
demonstration of the inverse relationship between food supplemented and cognitive delay
shows once again the dynamic effect of nutrition up on cognitive development in your of
children (john cook)
2.2.10 Challenges of health
Despite of the abundance of evidence and literature supporting the role of health
education specialists with in a primary care environment and their role in improving
wealth out comes, there are also various challenges that the profession must adderess in
order to make lasting in roads with these new models and founding opportunities
internets(http/www.)Webcraw/er.com

2.2 Empirical literature

Empirical review cause and determinants is food insecurity is defined by three sections.

The first section presents some causes of season and food insecurity
documented in some of countries of Africa, Latin America and Asia.
The second part summarized the finding is certain previous studies concerning seasonal
food shortage and famines experienced in Ethiopia over the recent past decades. The third
part presents and generalizes the findings of certain previous studies concerning the
determinates of food insecurity, coping mechanism and empirical evidences as well
Bonnard 1993)

According to fasts study among the Tallensireveals grain was short during the planting
season and the problem was largely attributed to poor allocation of resources and poor
rationing. In somewhat similar way, share man’s (1970) observation in Uganda indicates
that is not hose hold supply but the care and skill with which mothers rationed or
distributed food that determined which household’s children were seasonally nourished.

Nutrition education may help improve household’s food security status and un health full
food related behaviors associated with households food insecurity. Food security
measurements tools assess the prevalence of food insecurity and identify at risk
populations. The research who investigates populations experiencing food insecurity can
identify possible direct dietary consequences of food insecurity and further consequences
of dietary practices.

Potential solutions, such as nutrient education, may alleviate food insecurity and its
dietary health consequences despite the complicated interrelationship between food
secure, food related behaviors and health outcomes (Nord et.al 2002)

Health consequence of food insecurity is positively associated with poor health status and
chronic diseases in various research studies that utilized large population based data,
health survey. Great proportion or food insecure compared to food secure. Significantly
lower on physical and mental health scales. Considering the potential relationship
between general health status and food insecurity, researchers have examined the
prevalence of chronic disease in one study’ non – Hispanic which women who were food
insecure without hone e.g. had grater odds of being (or 1.36). Townsendeital.(2001)
found that mildly food insecure women were 30% more likely to be over weight than
these who were food secure. Food insecure women are at higher risk of obesity and
overweight at one point in time, but food insecure may also contributed to use weight
gain additional, marginally food secure women were significantly more likely to have
gained 4.54 k.g

Potential mechanisms of food insecurity one chronic disease although the relationship
between food insecurity and chronic disuses is complex, researchers have identified
connections between early life experiences and food insecurity out comes in adulthood
(21.22) other potential mechanisms include the consumption of generally less nutritious
and healthful diets, the energy density hypothesis and cyclic rood purchase and
consumption patterns. Understanding these mechanisms is important in the design
education interventions that aim to improve food security through changing behavior and
increasing knowledge and sickle.
Chapter three
3. Description of the study area
Ganta Afushum woreda is found in Tigre region of state in Easter zone which lies between 1900-
3000 meter above sea level and found the distance between 10 kilometer from adigrat zonal
capital and the 125 kilometer from mekele regional administration (Woreda round transport
office). In this distinct there are 19 rural and 1 town kebeles totally which embraces numbers 20
kebeles. Almost this woreda has 95% agricultural households engaged in agricultural activities.
The current population is 46 278 males and 50 904 females. It has engaged topography
paragraph with altitude between 1900 and 3000 kilometer above sea level. The altitudinal
variation of Ganta afashum wereda is divided into three traditional agro climate such as dega,
winadega and kola, the southern port of the wereda is characterized by dega, most of the northern
and central part as the wereda is windaega and the northern part of the tip have kola annual
report in finance and development office, 2006).

3.1 status of food insecurity

This study was partly based on primary data. Primary data was obtained from total 80 sampled
households, and some as our secondary data and that data were obtained from saftinte office. The
information’s are collected by using primary data from the study area.
To identified the households, who are sponsored by Government and who are also sponsored by
themselves in Ganta afeshum wereda are, table 3.1

Sponsored Sponsored by themselves Sponsor by government Total

No H % No H % No H %
Male 44306 65 11660 41 55966 58
Female 24306 35 16910 59 41216 42
Total 68612 100 28570 100 97182 100
Source: from senftient office 2006 E.C

The above table shows that from the total population of 68612 are 65% of them are male
households and remain 35% of them are female households are sponsored by themselves and
also from total population of 28570 are 41% of them male households and the remain 59% of
them are female households are sponsor by government. When the researcher identify that from
the total population of 97182 in Ganta Afeshum wereda 12% of them are male households and
17% of them also female households are sponsor by government sponsored than male
households by 5%

The reason that it may be the society awareness or contribution to female is low and un matured
married is leads to economic inactive and infairer than male to decide anything to become their
income and to expand their social awareness and to use it just like male households in the study
area.

3.2 Many students are drop out their education by the case if food insecure.
Grade No of students No dropout male st No dropout females No of drop out
students male& female st
No of st Percent Rule of % No of f.s % No m&f %
m.s
1-4 6535 23 31 15 8 5 39 10
5-8 13114 45 52 25 56 34 108 29
9-12 9196 32 128 60 102 61 230 61
Total 28845 100 211 100 166 100 377 100
Source – education office in Ganta Afesum wered 2006 E.C

from the above table shows that in grade 1-4, 10% in Grand 5-8 is 29% and in grade 9-12 is also
61% of the students are drop out their education by the case of food insecure. In grade 9-12
students are compared with on attained and dropout their education are, the dropout students are
greater than by 29% of them.

So, the researcher is argued that a shortage of income or food insecure is a basic reason for
students to drop out their education and it is a negative impact or effect to education. Because
money students are may be, they exposed to unemployed and Child Street

3.3. Land size and land productivity

The rural households are concerned land is the most important source on which the livelihood of
the rural community is highly depends. Its security or availability is among the major factor that
could determine vulnerable of food insecurity.

Table 3.3 land distribution

Land size in Food security group Food insecurity Total

hector group

Respondents Percent respondents Percent respondent percent

<1 10 19 12 43 22 28

1-3 25 48 16 57 41 51

>3 17 33 ___ ___ 17 21

Total 52 100 28 100 80 100

Source: own survey, 2007 E.C

Regarding land ownership data from the survey 28% of sampled households owned less than one
hector land, 51% sampled households owned one to three hectors of land and 21% of them are
owned greater than three hectors of land .Land of ownership between food security and food
insecurity group are different . Accordingly, among food secure group 19%, 48% and 33 % of
respondents are owned land less than one, one to three and greater than three hectors
respectively. Among food insecure group 43% and 57% of respondents are owned land less than
one and one to three hectors respectively. But, there are no any respondents that owned land
greater than three hectors.

Based on the above data on the table the security of land could determine the status of food
insecurity. Accordingly these is respondents who have more of land for their farming activity are
less food insecure than those who have less of land, because as they have more land size they are
able to produce more their family.

In terms of land productivity 12%, 46% and 42% of or 6, 24 and 22 respondents are get less than
five, five to ten and greater than ten quintals per annual during a good harvest period
respectively. However, land productivity during bad harvest period is not as much as that of
good harvest period. Accordingly, 50%, 29% and 21% of or 14, 8 and 6 respondents respectively
get less than five, five to ten and greater than ten quintals per annual during bad harvest period
respectively. During bad harvest period percentage of respondents who get fewer amount of
output from their land increase. Thus, bad harvest period decrease land productivity in the study
area.

The following two graphs show land productivity of the respondents during good harvest period
and bad harvest period respectively.

Graph 3.4 land productivity during good harvest period

Graph 3.5 land productivity during bad harvest period

Land productivity Good harvest Bad harvest period

in quintal period

Number of % Number of %
respondent respondent

<5 6 12 14 50

5-10 24 46 8 29

>10 22 42 6 21
Based on the above two graphs the land productivity of households are different during good
harvest period and bad

harvest period in which bad harvest period affecting land productivity of respondents. These two
graphs are different in terms of product. Good ness or badness of the period during harvest can
determine the level of agricultural productivity of households, as result, during good harvest
period households less affected but during bad harvest period the house holds more affected.
This shows that households less food insecure during good harvest period as in contrast to bad
harvest period in the study area. So, the researcher confirms that food secure and land less
households are invers related or the land less households are pressure to food insecure group.

3. 4 The status of food secure house hold head (respondents)

Food secure status Male Female Total

No % No % No %
Food secure group 29 71 23 59 52 65
Food insecure group 12 29 16 41 28 35
Total 41 100 39 100 80 100
Tble 3.3

Source; own survey 2007 E.C

The data shows that on the total 80 sampled respondents, 65% of them are food secure and the
remain 35% of them are food insecure group in the study area. The reason is that lower or less
land size, low level of land product specially in bad harvest season and it may be land
degradation, soil erosion, inadequate rain fall and farming technology most of households use
traditional or back ward technology are the main cause to 35% of households be food insecure
in that area. When come to female and male food insecure households in the study area, the
female house hold more exposed than male household. The reason is that also it may be lower
level of female education attainment, pre- married; the society awareness may be less them and
others in that woreda.

Sex and age is one of the demographic characteristic of respondents that determine food
insecurity in the study area.

Gender respondent

Age Food secure group Total

Respondent

ma % female % M&F %
le

15-30 10 33 8 36 18 35

31-45 9 30 5 23 14 27
 46-60 8 27 4 18 12 23

>60 3 10 5 23 8 15

Total 30 100 22 100 52 100

Age Food insecure group Total food secured

and in secured

Male % Female % M&F % Secured %

and
insecur
e

15-30 0 __ 2 12 2 7 20 25

20

31-45 1 8 3 19 4 14 18 22

46-60 2 17 6 38 8 29 20 25

>60 9 75 5 31 14 50 22 28

Total 12 16 100 28 100 80 100

Source; own survey, 2007 E.C

Gender is the other factor that is considers affecting the decision of rural households in the study
area. As data obtained from the survey shows that, from 15-45 age households are more found
in food secure groups but above to 46 age house holds more found in food insecure group.
Because the table shows that the maximum percent of (38% of ) female and 75% if male food
insecure households are found in this age area or above to 46 ages. So, the researcher argued that
more labor force concentration are found below these age area and more economical , moral and
social active participant households are found between 15-45 ages. The remain above to 46
specially more than be 60 ages male & female households are in active labor force, economic
and social participant and less land productivity in the study area.

3.5.2 House hold respondent’s on sponsored to treat them selves

Table 3.7

Sponsored Food secure Food insecure Total

Respondent % Respondent & Respondent %
Sponsored 38 73 18 64 56 70
by own
Sponsored 14 27 10 36 24 30
by
government
Total 52 100 28 100 80 200
Source: own survey 2007 E.C

The survey shows that, from the total respondents of 80, 70% of them are sponsored own, but the
remain 30% of them are sponsored by government. And it shows that also 73% and 27% of
respondents are food secure, but the remain 64% and 36% respondents are food insecure.

When we compare sponsored on government households are more found in under food insecure,
because 36% of food insecure sponsored on government respondents more then to 27% of food
secure sponsored on government respondents. The reason that lack of sufficient food, less land
productivity in bad harvest period and it may be also HIV Addis expiation, disable labor force
(body) and old ages are leads to government subsidy in the study area.

3.5.1 Students drop their education in case of food insecure on household

respondents
Table 3.8

Students drop on Food secure Food insecure Total

grade Respondent % Respondent % Respondent %
1-4 2 4 4 12 6 7
5-8 3 7 5 15 8 10
9-12 1 2 2 6 3 4
No 40 87 23 68 63 79
Total 46 100 34 100 80 100
Source; own survey 2007 E.C

The survey informed that on total sampled 80 respondents , total 21% of them are specifically
drop their education and the remain 79 % are automatically they are illiterate and actively attaint
their education in the study area. When we come to under food secured and food insecure drop
students are, the more drops their education is in under food insecure. Because there is not
efficient even on their food supply and the researcher argued that these 21% of students are drop
their education by the case of food insecure and he argued that food insecure and education are
inverse relation or effect of food insecure on education is negative result on the study area.

3.5 Educational status of respondents

Education level is the other demographic Characteristic of respondents that determine by food
insecurity in the rural house holds

Table 3.8 education status of respondents

 Education Food secure Food insecure Total
level
Respondent Percent % Respondent Percent % Respondent Percent %
Illiterate 9 17 10 36 19 24
Only rood 8 15 3 11 11 14
and write
1-5 grade 14 27 2 7 16 20
6-9 grade 9 17 6 21 15 19
10-12 6 12 7 14 10 12
grade
Above 12 6 12 3 11 9 11
grade
Total 52 100 28 100 80 100
Source; own survey 2007 E.C

The survey shows that 24%, 14%,20%,19%,12% and 11% sampled households are illiterate,
only read and write attained 1-5 grade, attained 6-9 grade, schooling years 10-12, and the rest
attained above grade 12 respectively. As shown in the table respondents are less educated, they
tend to more food insecure relative to those if respondents who attained more education. Because
of the 36% of illiterate respondents are food insecure and above to grade 12 and read and write
are found in the same 11% of food insecure. Rather all those respondents are food secure.
Generally better educated house hold head have active management to their family. So, the more
educated households get less food insecure as compared to less educated households. The
researcher confirm that there is inversely related between education and food insecure in the
study area, so, the effect of food insecure is negative result or impact on education.

3.5 Access to social service

From the total sampled 80 respondents are 46 %( 37), 28% (22) and 26% (21) of respondents get
school, health and clean water supply services respectively in the study area. Look the following
pie chart 3.9
 Types of School health Cool water
respondent
Number of % Number of % Number of %
respondent respondent respondent

YES 37 46 28 35 21 26

NO 43 54 52 65 59 74

Total 80 100 80 100 80 100

In our survey, when we see clean water services is more low access to others of social services
in the study area. When we compare health services and safe water supply with schools services
in the study area more cover by school services. The reason that it will be geographical set or
condition is unstable to get safe water, government budget distribution on social services is un
balance and the house holds of per capita income is lower.

So, the researcher argued that, even if the school of services expand is better, for the remain
social services also give attention is better to become the house holds per capital income become
a good in the study area.
3.7 The status of health center in the study are
Table

Types of Food secure Food in secure Total

respondent Respondent % Respondent % Respondent %
about
health
center
Yes 27 52 1 4 28 35
No 25 48 27 96 52 65
Total 52 100 28 100 80 100
Source; own survey 2007 E.C

The survey shows that, from the total sampled 80 respondents 35% of them are usable health
services or the health center are found on their area. But the remain 65% of them are not usable
or there is no health center on their area. When we compare the usable health services
respondents, on food secure and food insecure are the more usable health services respondents
are found on food secure than food in secure. Because food insecure useable respondents are
almost approach to zero, look the table it shows only 4%.

The reason that, it may be the regional government budget distribution will be unbalance , the
respondents awareness it may be also far from the truthiness of information and others in tangle
and tangible problems. We understand from the above table, even if there have been 35% (28)
usable households on health services, there have also many obstacle of factor to get a good or
success of services on the study area. Because we have seen that the distance of health sector
from the user house is one of bottleneck or challenge to them in the study area

i.e. that means ) when we have seen that from the total useable 28 respondents, the 4(14%), 11
(39%) and 13(47%) respondents go away the distance have to 3-5 kilometers, 5-7 kilometers and
above to 7 kilometers to get these health serves respectively in the study area.

Look the following pie chart 4.1

Distance User households

 in
kilometer
Number of respondent %

3-5 4 14
kilometer

5-7 11 39
kilmeter

>7 13 47
kilometer

Total 28 100

The pie chart shows that, from the total 28 users of respondents, 47% of them are very far upper
to the area of found health services in distance. These distance and other targetable and
intangible problems become the negative impact or consequence on households in the study area.

Look the following table 4.2 it shows the child died in the lost five years.
3.8 child died in the last five years

Types of Food secure Food in secure Total

response Respondent % Respondent % Respondent %
Yes 12 23 17 61 29 36
No 40 77 11 39 51 64
Total 52 100 28 100 80 100
Source of own survery 2007

The table shows that, from the total 80 sampled house holds 36% of them respondents of family
is was child died before five years, but the remain 64% of respondents were not died their family
members child. When we contrast the food secure and food insecure house hold’s child died
family member are, the food insecure more than food secure child died family members in the
study area. Because 61% of respondents food insecure child died family members, but food
secure child died family member are only 23% respondents.

The reason that for child died in the study area are insufficient food secure, distance from house
to health sector and lack of medicine, lack of qualified workers and others are the major cause of
child death in the study area.

We can show the major cause child death and health care problem on the following survey.

The status of medical treatment on 28 user respondents

Pie chart

Medical User households

treatment
Number of %
respondent

A good 16 20
treatment
 No good 12 15
treatment

The pie chart shows that, from the total sampled 80 respondents, 35% them are not health servant
and the re main 65% of them are health services user in the study area even if these 65 % of
households servant except 20% of them are the remain 45 % of them are not get a good medical
treatment in the wereda.

The reason that lack of medicine, lack of qualified health workers and other geographical
location or distance. So the researchers argued that, the major cause of child death which is listed
the above causes and other food insufficient or unbalance diet.

Table 3.9 Animal and vegetable food diet

Types of Day Weak Month Fasty day Total

respondent No % No % No % No % No %
Yes 2 14 4 31 12 71 44 96 52 65
 No 12 86 9 69 5 29 2 4 28 35
Total 14 100 13 100 17 100 46 100 80 100
Source; own survey 2007 E.C

The survey shows that on the total 80 respondents 65 percent of them are usable animal and
vegetable diet and the remain 35 percent them are not usable. When we calculate these 65
percent of usable households from total 80 respondents, above to 55 percent of them are using
only on fasting day, but daily usage households are only 3 percent of them total 80 respondents
in the study area. So we can conclude it the majority households are not usable these diet in the
study area.

The reason that if may be shortage of technology, shortage of water supply, unsafe weather
condition and geographical locati0on is uncomfortable to produce those diet. So, the researcher
confirm that, these also other cause to child death and sicking hose holds in that woreda.

Chapter Four

4.Conclusion and Recommendation

This chapter presents the conclusion and recommendation depending up on the result of analysis
and discussion the chapter is sub divided in to conclusion and recommendation.

4.1 conclusions

Descriptive analysis was used to identified and examine different variable that determine food
insecurity. The analysis revealed that sponsored non sponsored them, drop out students,
education and health service variability are the determination food insecurity in the study area.
Based on the result of the study the researcher conclude that among sampled household 65% it
them are food secure and the remain 35% them are food insecure.
The determinates of food they on produce more from their land. Regarding and productivity
variation in productivity to there is variation in productivity among households.
In addition to this there is also vibration in land productivity between good bad harvest periods.
Bad harvest period reduced the productivity is land, as such, more house hold are affected during
bad harvest period. Regarding sponsored and none sponsored respondents are, 70% is respondent
are sponsored, but 30% of them are none sponsored in the study area.The relationship between
foods insecure or the effect of food insecure or the effect of food insecure on education and
health is negative impact or result in that area. Because form the survey we understand there are
many students are drop their education in case of food insecure. And also there are many
children died, they did not get a good balance of diet in that area. The reason is that lack of
medicine, lack of health qualified workers. And it may be un confortable demographic condition,
less land size, unstable weather condition and shortage of water supply are main cause of course
food insufficient in that area.
4.2 Recommendation

Based on the result and discussion of chapter three the following policy implication was
recommended.
 As variation in the house hold size significantly affected the level of food secure, so
government should be introduced them family planning program to reduce the size of
family.
 More of illiterate and less educated households are more exposed to food insecurity, so
to minimize this problem government should introduced adult education.
 The other problem in the study area is low level of agricultural productivity or
households are sponsored by government. This indicates that a low level of modern
technology. So, in order to overcome this should enable farmers with modern technology
and train farmers how to prepare and use of organic fertilizer like compose rather than
depend on in organic fertilizer.
 Improving quality rather than quantity service for farmer to reduce health care problem.
 Supply of water for village community should farther continue to improve the coverage
and minimize the hard ship for women and to solve shortage of water.
 The state to strength government structure should be strongly pursued in order to relief
the order on the origin, the zone and to support woredas as well as kebele.
Adigrat university

Collage of business and economics Department of economics

This qouesnarie is organized by student in Adigrat university department of economics under
effect of food insecurity on education and health in case of Gant afeshum woreda. The aim of the
quesionarie is to get a real information from the households and officer.
 APINDEX

I. Officer information for respondents:,

1. How many households are sponsored own and how many households are sponsored by
government in Gant Afeshum woreda?
A. Male sponsored own__________?
B. Female sponsored own_________? C. Male sponsored by
government__________?
D. Female sponsored government __________?
2. How many students are dropping their education in case food insecure in that woreda?
A. Drop Grade 1-4 _____? B. Drop Grade 5-8 _____? C. Drop Grade 9-12 _____?

II. House hold information for respondents:-

1. Land size in hectare A. Below 1 B. 1-3 C. Above to 3

2. Based on Q1, how many Quintals do you get annually in a good harvest and bad harvest
season? A. Good harvest ______ Quintals B. bad harvest ______ Quintals
3. Are you food secure or insecure?
A. Secure B. Insecure
4. Gender or sex , male female
5. Age A. 15-30 B. 31-45 C. 46-60 D. Above to 60
6. Who are sponsored you? To treat your self
A, sponsored own B. Sponsored by government
7. Education status of respondents ( house hold head)
A. Illiterate B. Read and write C. 1-5 grade D. 6-9 grade E. 10-12
grade f. Above to 12
8. Are you drop your education in case of food insecure? A. Yes B. No
9. In Q8, if your answer is yes, please specify in grade?
 A. 1-4 B. 5-8 C.9-12
10. Access to social service A. Safe water supply B. School C. Health service
11. Is there a Red Cross service in your area? A. Yes B. No
12. The health status of households head ( respondents)
12.1 do you have a child died in the last 5 year? A. Yes B. No
12.2 In Q12.1 If your answer is yes to the above how much ______?
12.3 Is there health center in your area? A. Yes B. No
12.4 In Q12.3 If your answer is yes how far is it from your houses?
A. 3-5 k/m B. 5-7 k/m C.______ k/m
12.5 do you get a good treatment? A. Yes B. No
12.6. In Q12.5, If your answer is No ,what is the problem? A. Lack of medicine
B. Lack of qualified health workers C. Others ________
13. Do you take vegetable and animal product in your diet? A. Yes B. No

13.1 In Q13, If your answer is yes, in what frequency do you take those diets?

A. daily B. Weakly C. Monthly D. Fasting day

1
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