ABUTHSON NS Part 2

THE
BRAIN
WHAT IS BRAIN?
The brain is an important delicate structure which is enclosed and
protected by the cranium.
Externally, the cerebrum has a highly convoluted appearance, consisting of
sulci (grooves or depressions) and gyri (ridges or elevations).
Anatomically, the brain is divided into two symmetrical
hemispheres(Cerebral hemispheres), by the longitudinal fissure – a major
sulcus that runs in the median sagittal plane.
The falx cerebri (a fold of dura mater) descends vertically to fill this fissure.
The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by a white matter structure,
called the corpus callosum.
STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN
FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN
PARTS OF THE BRAIN
THE CEREBRUM
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, located superiorly and anteriorly in relation
to the brainstem.
The cerebrum is located within the bony cranium. It extends from the frontal bone
anteriorly to the occipital bone posteriorly.
LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM

The cerebral cortex is classified into four lobes, according to the name of the corresponding
cranial bone that approximately overlies each part.Namely:
 Frontal lobe
 Parietal lobe
 Temporal lobe
 Occipital lobe
Functional organization of the
cerebrum
Serial processing model; information is performed in serial fashion
such that cortical cell form a series of hierarchal levels.
Parallel processing model; information is analyzed in series of parallel

pathways e.g vision, motion e.t.c.
Distributed processing model distribute system theory; describes the

brain as a complex interconnected system in which a nerve can
participate in numerous pathways.
THE MENINGES
The cranial meninges are membranous coverings of the brain lying
immediately internal to the cranium.
It consist of 3 membranous connective tissue layers namely;
a. The outer dura mater(a tough, thick external fibrous layer)
b. The middle arachnoid mater(a thin elastic intermediate layer)
c. The inner pia mater(a delicate vasculated layer)

STRUCTURE OF THE CRANIAL
MENINGES
FUNCTIONS OF THE CRANIAL
MENINGES
Protects the brain.
Forms the supporting framework for arteries, veins, and venous

sinuses.
Enclose a fluid-filled cavity, the subarachnoid space, which is vital to

a normal functioning brain.
THE VENTRICLES
The ventricular system of the brain consist of the two lateral ventricles
and the midline 3rd and 4th ventricles connected by the cerebral
aqueduct.
CSF, largely secreated by the choroid plexuses of the ventricles, filled
these brain cavities and the subarachnoid space of the brain and the
spinal cord.
The larteral 1st and 2nd ventricles are the largest cavities of the
ventricular system occupiying large areas of the cerebral hemispheres.
Each of the lateral ventricles opens into the 3rd ventricle through an
interventricular foramen.
THE VENTRICLES CONTD
The 3rd ventricle is a slit-like cavity between the right and left halves
of the diencephalon which is continuous postero-inferioly with the
cerebral aqueduct, a narrow channel in the midline connecting the 3rd
and 4th ventricles.
The 4th ventricle is a pyramidal shaped in the posterior part of the

pons and medulla extending inferoposteriorrly.
SECRETION OF CSF
The CSF is secreted mainly by the choroidal epithelial cells of the
choroid plexuses in lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles at the rate of 400-
500mL/day.
The choroid plexuses consist of fringes of vascular pia mater covered

by cuboidal epithelial cells which are invaginated into the roof of the
3rd and 4th ventricles and on the floor of the bodies and inferior horns
of the lateral ventricles.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion and circulation
Circulation
• After production, CSF flows from the lateral
ventricles into the third ventricle via the
intraventricular foramina of Munro. Subsequently it
passes into the fourth ventricle via the central
aqueduct of Sylvius and into the subarachnoid space
via the foramina of Luschka and Magendie.
• Within the spinal cord most of the CSF descends in
the subarachnoid space, with very little flowing in
the central spinal canal. From the subarachnoid
space at the base of the brain CSF flows rostrally
over the cerebral hemispheres.
FUNCTION OF THE CSF
Along with the meninges and calvaria, the CSF protects the brain by
providing a cushion againt blows to the head.
It provides buoyancy that prevents the weight of the brain from
compressing the cranial nerves and blood vessels against internal
surface of the cranium.
FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE BRAIN
THE MOTOR AREAS
The motor area is located in the precentral gyrus on the superolateral surface of
the hemispheres and in the anterior part of the paracentral lobule on the medial
surface.
It corresponds to area 4 of the Brodmann and possibly to the part of area 6 which
lies in the precentral gyrus.
Specific regions within the area are responsible for movement in specific parts of
the body.
Stimulation of the paracentral lobule produces movement in the lower limbs.
The trunk and the upper limbs are represented in the upper part of the precentral
gyrus, while the face and the head are represented in the lower part of the gyrus.
THE SENSORY AREAS
The sensory area is located in the postcentral gyrus which corresponds to the
areas 1,2,and 3 of Brodmann.
It correspond to that in the motor area in that the body is represented upside
down.
Responses can be recorded from the sensory area when individual part are
stimulated.
Visual areas are concerned with vision and are located in the occipital lobe, mainly
on the medial surface, both above and below the calcarine sulcus (area 17).
The area 17 is continuous both above and below with area 18 and beyond this
with area 19 are responsible manily for interpretation of visual impulses reaching
area 17 and are often described as psychovisual areas.
The acoustic or auditory area for hearing is located in the temporal lobe .
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
AND
HAVE A NICE DAY

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THE

LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM

Parallel processing model; information is analyzed in series of parallel

Distributed processing model distribute system theory; describes the

b. The middle arachnoid mater(a thin elastic intermediate layer)

c. The inner pia mater(a delicate vasculated layer)

Forms the supporting framework for arteries, veins, and venous

Enclose a fluid-filled cavity, the subarachnoid space, which is vital to

The 4th ventricle is a pyramidal shaped in the posterior part of the

The choroid plexuses consist of fringes of vascular pia mater covered

HAVE A NICE DAY

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