ALAGAPPA CHETTIAR GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

KARAIKUDI – 630 003
TAMIL NADU
(A Government Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna
University)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

22MEG32 -Kinetics of Particles

The students will be able to,

understand the relationships between mass, force, and acceleration.
model physical systems by drawing complete free-body diagrams and
kinetic diagrams.
Apply Newton’s second law of motion to solve particle kinetics problems
using different coordinate systems.
apply the principle of work and energy to solve problems that involve
Prof.P.Perumal
force, velocity, and displacement. 1
 Introduction
Newton’s Second Law Work-Energy Impulse-Momentum
  T1  U1 2 T2 t2

 F maG mu  Fdt mv

t1
Relating forces and Relating velocities,
accelerations distances and sometimes There is an impact or
forces. an impulsive force.
Want to find velocity or
distance traveled. (found by Have two positions, Relating forces,
integrating a(t), a(v), or a(s)) usually have two velocities and time
velocities.
Define your system. Define your system Define your system.

Define coordinate system Define coordinate system Define coordinate

system
Draw free-body diagram Draw free-body diagram to
and kinetic diagram determine non- Draw impulse–
conservative forces. momentum diagram.
Draw the system in two
positions. lose energy in an
2-2 impact
(unless e = 1)
 Introduction
• Newton’s first and third laws are sufficient for the study of
bodies at rest (statics) or bodies in motion with no acceleration.
( constant motion)
• When a body accelerates (changes in velocity magnitude or
direction), Newton’s second law is required to relate the
motion of the body to the forces acting on it.
• Newton’s second law:
A particle will have an acceleration proportional to the
magnitude of the resultant force acting on it and in the
direction of the resultant force.
The resultant of the forces acting on a particle is equal to
the rate of change of linear momentum of the particle.
The sum of the moments about O of the forces acting on a
particle is equal to the rate of change of angular momentum
12 - 3 of the particle about O.
 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Newton’s Second Law: If the resultant force acting on a
particle is not zero, the particle will have an acceleration
proportional to the magnitude of resultant and in the direction
of the resultant.
• Consider a particle subjected to constant forces,
F1 F2 F3
   constant mass, m
a1 a2 a3

• When a particle of mass m is acted upon by a force F,
the acceleration of the particle must satisfy
 
F m a
• Acceleration must be evaluated with respect to a Newtonian
frame of reference, i.e., one that is not accelerating or rotating.

• If force acting on particle is zero, particle will not accelerate, i.e.,

it will remain stationary or continue on a straight line at
constant velocity.
12 - 4
 INERTIAL FRAME OF REFERENCE
When applying the equation of
motion, it is important to measure
the acceleration from an inertial
coordinate system. This
system has axes that do not rotate
but are either fixed or translate
with a constant velocity.

For problems concerned with motions at or near the earth’s

surface, we typically assume our “inertial frame” to be fixed
to the earth. We neglect any acceleration effects from the
earth’s rotation.
For problems involving satellites or rockets, the inertial frame
of reference is often fixed to the stars
KEY POINTS
1) Newton’s second law is a “Law of Nature”--
experimentally proven and not the result of
an analytical proof.
2) Mass (property of an object) is a measure of
the resistance to a change in velocity of the
object.

3) Weight (a force) depends on the local

gravitational field. Calculating the weight of
an object is an application of F = ma,
i.e., W = m g.

4) Unbalanced forces cause the acceleration of

objects. This condition is fundamental to all  m
1 N 1 kg  1 2 
 s 
dynamics problems.
F ma
net
kg m
1 2
s
 Linear Momentum of a Particle
The linear momentum of a particle, or an object that can be modeled as
a particle of mass m moving with a velocity v , is defined to be the
product of the mass and velocity
 
L m v

Replacing the acceleration by the derivative of the

velocity yields
 
dv
 F m dt

d  dL
 m v  
dt dt
dimensions of momentum - ML/T 
Unit - kg-meter/second L linear momentum of the particle
Linear Momentum Conservation Principle:
If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the linear momentum of
the
12 - 7particle remains constant in both magnitude and direction.
 Equations of Motion
• Newton’s second law provides
 
 F ma
• Solution for particle motion is facilitated by resolving
vector equation into scalar component equations,
e.g., for rectangular components,
     
 Fx i  Fy j  Fz k  ma x i  a y j  a z k 
 Fx ma x  Fy ma y  Fz ma z
 Fx mx  Fy my  Fz mz
• For tangential and normal components,

 F t mat  F n man
dv v2
 F t m  F n m
dt 
12 - 8
 Dynamic Equilibrium
Alternate expression of Newton’s second Law
D’ALAMBERT’S PRINCIPLE:
It states that, the system of forces acting a body in motion is in
dynamic equilibrium law, with the inertia force of the body.
  
 F  ma 0  ma inertial vector
• For a rigid body under angular acceleration, rotating mass under
equilibrium with a fictitious couple(Iα)
   I 0

2-9
 Dynamic Equilibrium
• Alternate expression of Newton’s second
law,  
 F  ma 0

 ma inertial vector
• With the inclusion of the inertial vector, the system
of forces acting on the particle is equivalent to
zero. The particle is in dynamic equilibrium.
• Methods developed for particles in static
equilibrium may be applied, e.g., coplanar forces
may be represented with a closed vector polygon.
• Inertia vectors are often called inertial forces as
they measure the resistance that particles offer to
changes in motion, i.e., changes in speed or
direction.

• Inertial forces may be conceptually useful but are not like the contact and
gravitational forces found in statics.
 Motion-Without Friction
Net force = mass x acceleration

(a) F –acting horizontally (b) F –acting inclined

The 10-kg block is subjected to the forces shown. Determine its velocity when t = 2 s if
v = 0, and when t = 0.

Kinetic equation of motions along x Kinematic equation

F x ma x
v u  at
4
500  300 10a v 0  10( 2) 20m / s
5
a 10m / s 2
The 10-kg block is subjected to the forces shown. Determine its velocity when t = 2 s
if v = 0, and when t = 0.

2
dv adt  2tdt
F x ma x
0
20t 10a v 4m / s
a 2t
Example 1:
T=ma

F x ma
T 5N; a 0.1 m/s2
T 5N
m  50kg
a 0.1m/s2

Example 2:
R  F1  F2  5 2  8 2  2 5 8 cos100 o N
10.14 N

R
a
m
10.14 N
m  33.8 m/s 2
0.3 kg
A body of 50 kg is exposed to three forces acting in different directions as shown in
Fig. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting on the body and
the corresponding acceleration.

The net force in the x-direction is

F x  F1 x F2 x  F3 x
 F1 cos 60  F2 cos 20  F3 cos 30
100(0.5)  50(0.94)  75(0.866) 32.1

The net force in the y-direction is

F y  F1 y F2 y  F3 y
 F1 sin 60  F2 sin 20  F3 sin 30
100(0.866)  50(0.34)  75(0.5) 32.1

The magnitude of the net force is

Fnet  Fx2  Fy2  (31.2) 2  (31.2) 2 45.4 N

The direction of Fnet relative to the x-axis is

 tan Fx2  Fy2  (31.2)2  (31.2)2 45.4 N

 Motion-With Friction

F  fN  mg

A block of 100 N weight is resting on rough horizontal table. What force P is applied
at 30° to the horizontal to move the block with an acceleration of 2 m/s 2. take µk=0.2
P
30°
Writing equations of motions along x and y directions
ay=0  F ma
y y
N  Psin  mg 0
N mg  P sin  100 - Psin30
100
N 100 - 0.5P
Pcosθ Psinθ
Pcosθ
100
Pcos30  0.2(100  0.5 P )  2
N µ  F x ma x 0.866 P  20  0.1P 20.38
9.81
Pcos   k N ma x P 41.81N
 Constant Acceleration Motion-With Friction

F  fN  mg

A block of 100 N weight is resting on rough horizontal table. What force P is applied
at 30° to the horizontal to move the block with an acceleration of 2 m/s 2. take µk=0.2

Writing equations of motions along x and y directions

ay=0  F ma
y y
N  Psin  mg 0
N mg  P sin  100 - Psin30
N 100 - 0.5P

100
Pcos30  0.2(100  0.5 P )  2
 F x ma x 0.866 P  20  0.1P 20.38
9.81
Pcos   k N ma x P 41.81N
A block of 10 kg mass rests on a rough horizontal surface, whose coefficient of
kinetic friction is 0.2. It is being pulled by a constant force of 50 N as shown in Fig.
determine the velocity and distance travelled by the block after 5 seconds.
Given,m = 10 kg, u = 0, μ = 0.2, t = 5 sec

Writing equations of motions along x and y directions

 F y ma y
N  Psin  mg 0
N mg  P sin  (10 9.81) - 50sin30
N 73.1N
 F x ma x
Pcos   k N ma x
50 cos 30  (0.2 73.1) 10a
a 2.86m / s 2
Use kinematic equations to find velocity and distance
travelled

v u  at 0  (2.86 5)
1 2 1 v 14.3m / s
s ut  at 0  (2.86)(5) 2
2 2
s 35.75m
An 80-kg block rests on a horizontal plane. Find the magnitude of the
force P required to give the block an acceleration of 2.5 m/s 2 to the right.
The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block and the plane is μk
=0.25.

Weight of block = W = 80 x 9.81 = 785 N

 Fx ma;  Fy 0;
P cos 30  0.25 N 80 2.5
N  P sin 30  785 0
P cos 30  0.25 N 200
N  P sin 30  785
P cos 30  0.25( P sin 30  785) 200
P 535 N

2 - 18
 Force on Two Masses-without friction
Since F is the only net force acting on
the two masses, it determines the
acceleration of both
F
a
m1  m2

The force F2 acting on the

smaller mass may be
determined.
F2 = m a
the net force acting on m1 is,
F1= F-F2
= (m1+m2)a- m2a
=m1a
Suppose that blocks A and B have masses of 2 and 6kg, respectively, and are in
contact on a smooth horizontal surface. If a horizontal force of 6N pushes them,
calculate (a) the acceleration of the system and (b) the force that the 2kg block
exerts on the other block.

(a) Considering the blocks to move as unit,

F
F  Ma (m A  m B )  a 
m A  mB
6
a 0.75m/s 2
26

(b) the force that the 2kg block (A) exerts on the other block(B) is F AB
FAB =mBa = 6 x 0.75 = 4.5 N
Force on Two Masses-with Friction

F   (m1  m2 ) g
a
m1  m2

m2
F2  F
m1  m2
 Force on Connected Masses

F F  T2 m3a
a T1 m1a
m1  m2  m3
T2  T1 m2 a
Find the acceleration of bodies and tension in the string joining A and B shown in Fig..

(i) Consider the equilibrium of body B (i) Consider the equilibrium of bodyA

The body B is moving with acceleration

‘a’.
F m Aa
x
T 5a
Net force in horizontal direction
F xmB a
15 - T 10a

Solving equations
15 - T 10a
15 - 5a 10a
15 15a
a 1m/s2
Mass on Frictionless Incline Mass on Incline with Friction

Assume the mass is going down the

plane

Free Body Diagram

Fnet ma
Fnet ma mg sin   mg cos  ma
mg sin  ma a  g sin  - cos
a  g sin 
A body of weight 200 N is initially stationary on a 45° inclined plane. What distance
along the inclined plane must the body slide, before it reaches a speed of 2 m/s ?
The co-efficient of friction between the body and the plane = 0.1.

Weight of body, W = 200 N

∴ Mass of body, m = (W/g)= (200/9.81)kg
Angle of plane, θ = 45°
Initial velocity, u = 0
Final velocity, v = 2 m/s
Co-efficient of friction, μ = 0.1.

Equations of motion
Perpendicular to plane Ff = N =0.1x 200 cos45

F ma y
y Equations of motion along plane
N  200 cos 45 0
N 200 cos 45
F xma
200 sin 45  F f ma
200 sin 45  (0.1 cos sin 45) 10 / 9.81)a
a 6.242m / s 2
Kinematic equation
v 2  u 2 2as
2 2  0 2 6.242 s
s 0.32m
 A car of mass m is on an icy (frictionless) driveway, inclined at an angle
ɵ as shown. Determine its acceleration.
Conveniently tilted coordinate system

Along y : N  mg cos  0
Along x : mg sin  ma x
a x  g sin 
Force on Inclined Mass

Fnet ma  F cos(   )  mg sin 

F cos(   )  mg sin 
a
m

Force on Inclined Mass with friction

F cos(   )  mg sin   N
Fnet  F cos(   )  mg sin   N a 
m
Pulley with Inclined Plne- without Friction

The equation from Newton’s

second Law

The weight of hanging mass m2 minus

the component of mass m1 which acts
down the incline provides the net force
that accelerates the total mass m1 +m2
Pulley with Inclined Plane- with Friction
If the hanging mass is large enough to
overcome friction and accelerate the
mass upward on the incline, then the
friction force will oppose it and act
downward.

If the mass on the incline is large

enough, it will overcome friction and
move downward, pulling the hanging
mass upward. In this case the friction
force will act up the incline.

There is an intermediate range of

masses where the block will move neither
up nor down the incline
Atwood's Machine
An arrangement of two unequal mass are hung vertically over a frictionless
pulley of negligible mass is called Atwood machine.
FBD for m1 FBD for m2
Equation for motion

Fnet m2 g  T
for am
m 2 m g  T
2 2

Fnet T  m1 g
m1 a T  m1 g T m2 a  m2 g m2 ( a  g )

T m1a  m1 g m1 ( a  g )

if mass m1acceleratesEquation for motion

upward, mass for m1 downward. Therefore, for
m2 accelerates
consistency with signs, if we define the upward direction as positive for m 1, we must
define the downward direction as positive for m2
 The total mass is accelerated by a force equal to the
difference in the hanging weight.

The acceleration is numerically the same for the

two masses, so they can be treated as a system
with total mass m1+m2 when applying F=ma

Assuming m2 to be larger, the system will

accelerate in the direction indicated. The net force
on the two mass system is the difference in the
weights
Fnet m2 g  m1 g

For idealized condition, tension T on both sides of pulley is same.

The net force divided by the total mass gives the acceleration
T m1 a  m1 g
Substituting T into the equation for m2 gives
m2 g  m1 g  m1 a m2 a
( m  m1 ) g
a 2
( m1  m2 )
A light inextensible string passes over a smooth light pulley. At each end of the string
there is a particle. Particle B has a mass of 8 kg and particle C has a mass of 2 kg as
shown in the diagram. The particles are released from rest with the string taut.
Calculate the tension in the string and the acceleration of the masses.

For particle B, in the For particle C, in the

direction of motion ( + ) direction of motion ( + )

T  2 g ma
8 g  T ma T  2 g 2a
8 g  T 8a

Solving the equation 6 g 10a; a 5.9m / s 2

T 31newton
Two bodies of weight 50 N and 30 N are connected to the two ends of a light
inextensible string. The string is passing over a smooth pulley. Determine :
(i) The acceleration of the system, and
(ii) Tension in the string. Take g = 9.80 m/s2.

Heavier weight, W1 = 50 N
Lighter weight, W2 = 30 N
Let a = Acceleration of the system, and
T = Tension in the string.
FBD of 50 N
F y ma
FBD of 30 N
50
T  50  a
9.81
50 F yma
50  T  a   (1) 30
9.81 T  30  a   ( 2)
9.81
Adding equations (1) and (2),
50 30
50  30  a
9.81 2
9.81
a 2.45m / s 2
T 37.5N
 Horizontal Pulley- without friction

FBD for m2
FBD for m1
m2 g  T m2 a
Substitute T =m1a

m2 g  m1a m2 a
m2 g (m1  m2 )a
m2 g
a
T is the only net force on (m1  m2 )
mass m1.
T = m1a
 Horizontal Pulley- with friction

Downward motion is chosen as

positive.

FBD for m1 FBD for m2

m2 g  T m2 a

Substitute ,
T = m1a + µm1g

m2 g  m1 a  m1 g m2 a
m2 g  m1 g ( m1  m2 ) a
T is the only net force on
mass m1. m2 g  m1 g
a
T - µm1g= m1a ( m1  m2 )
T = m1a + µm1g
The two weights are released from rest.
The coefficient of kinetic friction between the horizontal
surface and the 5-N weight is μk = 0.18. (a) What is
the tension in the cable after the weights are released?
(b) How fast are the weights moving one second after
they are released?

For block A
F y 0 For block B
N  5 0
N 5 F y ma
10
 Fx ma  T  10  a
T  F f ma 9.81
5 10
T  ( k N )  a T  10  a
9.81 9.81
5
T  (0.18 5)  a Solving the two equations
9.81 T = 3.93 N, a = 5.95 m/s2

To find the velocity,

v at 5.95(1) 5.95m / s
Find the tension in the string and accelerations of blocks A and B weighing
200 N and 50 N respectively, connected by a string and frictionless and weightless
pulleys as shown in Fig.
 Elevator Problem
If you are accelerating upward you feel heavier, and if you are
accelerating downward you feel lighter. If the elevator cable broke, you
would feel weightless since both you and the elevator would be
accelerating downward at the same rate.

support force F = mass x acceleration + weight

A 75-kg man stands on a spring scale in an elevator. During the first 3 seconds
of motion from rest, the tension T in the hoisting cable is 8300 N. Find the
reading R of the scale in newtons during this interval and the upward velocity v
of the elevator at the end of the 3 seconds. The total mass of the elevator, man,
and scale is 750 kg.

The force registered by the scale and the velocity

both depend on the acceleration of the elevator,
which is constant during the interval for which
the forces are constant.

 Fy ma y
8300  7360  750a y
a y 1.257 m / s 2

The scale reads the downward force exerted

on it by the man’s feet. The equal and
opposite reaction R to this action is shown on
the free-body diagram of the man alone R  736  75(1.257)
together with his weight, and the equation of R 830newton
motion for him gives 3
v  adt ; v  0  1.257 dt 3.77 m / s
0
A cord pulls on a box along a frictionless plane inclined at ɵ=30°.The box has
mass m =5.00 kg, and the force from the cord has magnitude T = 25.0 N. What is
the box’s acceleration component ‘a’ along the inclined plane?

y
ɵ= plane inclination
N= normal force
W = weight

Along y : FN  mg cos  0
Along x : T - mg sin  ma x
25  (5 X 9.81X sin 30) 5a
a 0.1m / sec 2
Sample Problem:
The two blocks shown start from rest.
The horizontal plane and the pulley
are frictionless, and the pulley is SOLUTION:
assumed to be of negligible mass. • Write the kinematic relationships for the
Determine the acceleration of each dependent motions and accelerations of
block and the tension in the cord. the blocks.

• Write the equations of motion for the

blocks and pulley.
• Combine the kinematic relationships
with the equations of motion to solve for
the accelerations and cord tension.
Sample Problem:2

SOLUTION:
• Write the kinematic relationships for the dependent
O motions and accelerations of the blocks.
x
y B  12 x A a B  12 a A
y
• Write equations of motion for blocks and pulley.

 Fx m A a A :
T1 100 kg a A
 F y m B a B :
m B g  T2 m B a B
300 kg 9.81 m s 2  T2 300 kg a B
T2 2940 N - 300 kg a B
 Fy mC aC 0 :
T2  2T1 0
12 - 42
Sample Problem:2
• Combine kinematic relationships with equations of
motion to solve for accelerations and cord tension.
O
x y B  12 x A a B  12 a A

y T1 100 kg a A
T2 2940 N - 300 kg a B

2940 N - 300 kg  12 a A 
T2  2T1 0
2940 N  150 kg a A  2100 kg a A 0

a A 8.40 m s 2
a B  12 a A 4.20 m s 2
T1 100 kg a A 840 N
T2 2T1 1680 N
12 - 43
 Consider a block sliding down an inclined surface
constant velocity case
 Fy 0;N  mg cos  0  N mg cos 
 Fx 0;F  mg sin  0  F mg sin 

If F=µkN µkN = mg sinƟ

µkmgcos Ɵ = mg sinƟ
µk = tanƟ  K  tan 

N  K  tan  when block moves at constant velocity

 S  tan  when block is just about to slip
F =kN

V(
co
ns
tan
t)
mg
Sample Problem:3
3. A ball of mass 5 kg and a block of mass 12 kg are attached by a
lightweight cord that passes over a frictionless pulley of
negligible mass as shown in the figure. The block lies on a
frictionless incline of angle 30o. Find the magnitude of the
acceleration of the two objects and the tension in the cord.
Take g = 10 ms-2.
T= 52.94N
a= 0.59m/s2

2 - 45
A body of mass 20 kg rests on a smooth horizontal table. It is connected
by a light string to a body of mass 10 kg which hangs freely, the string
passing over a light frictionless pulley. Determine the acceleration of
the bodies, and the string tension.

FBD of 20 kg mass FBD of 10 kg mass

 F y m B a B :
 F  m A a A 0
 Fx m A a A :
T  (20)a 0
m B g  T m B a B
10 9.81  T 10a
T 20a 98.1  20a 10a
98.1 30a
string tension a 3.27m / s 2
T 20 a 65.4 N
The 15 kg body rests on a plane inclined at 35° as shown. The coefficient of
friction between body and plane is 0.24. A light string connects the body to a
second body of mass 12 kg which is hanging freely. If the 15 kg body is
moving up the plane, calculate its acceleration.
FBD of 15 kg mass FBD of 12 kg hanging mass

Across the plane

 Fx  ma 0 (12 9.81)  T 12a
 Fx 15a : 117.72  T 12a
T  N  (15 9.81)(sin 35 ) 15a
Perpendicular to the plane 117 .72  (15a  113 .33) 12a
N (15 9.81) cos 35 120.54 a 0.1625m / s 2
T  (0.24 120.54)  84.4 15a
T  113 .33 15a
T 15a  113 .33
The bob of a 2-m pendulum describes an arc of a circle in a vertical
plane. If the tension in the cord is 2.5 times the weight of the bob for
the position shown, find the velocity and acceleration of the bob in that
position.
Resolve the equation of motion for the bob into tangential
and normal components.
Solve the component equations for the normal and
tangential accelerations.

mg sin 30 mat

 Ft mat : at  g sin 30 a t  4.9 m s 2

 Fn man : 2.5mg  mg cos 30 man

an  g 2.5  cos 30 
an 16.03 m s 2
• Solve for velocity in terms of normal acceleration.

v2
an 


v  an  2 m 16.03 m s 2 
v 5.66 m s
12 - 49
Work of a Constant Force Moving Along a Straight Line
If a particle is displaced by distance ‘s’
from position 1 to position 2 by a force ‘F’
work done ‘W’ i s
W or U = Force x displacement

consider the constant force F

applied to the body as it moves from
position1 to position2. The force F
and the differential displacement dx
written as vectors, the work done by the
force is

W U 1 2 ( F cos  )x

Work can be positive, negative, or zero. The sign of the work depends on
the direction of the force relative to the displacement
Work positive : W > 0 if 90°> θ > 0°
Work negative : W < 0 if 180°> θ > 90°
Work zero : W = 0 if θ = 90°
Work maximum if θ = 0°
Work minimum if θ = 180
Work of a Variable Force.
If the particle acted upon by the force F
undergoes a finite displacement along its path
from S1 to S2.
2
the work of force F is determined
 F cos  .ds by integration.
W U 1 2 
1

Work Done by Force Applied at an Angle to the Direction of Displacement

Push a cup of mass 0.2 kg along a horizontal table with a force of

magnitude 2.0 N for a distance of 0.5 m. The coefficient of friction
between the table and the cup is μk = 0.10 . Calculate the work done by
the pushing force and the work done by the friction force.
Work Done by Force Applied at an Angle to the Direction of Displacement
Push a cup of mass 0.2 kg along a horizontal table with a force of magnitude 2.0 N
at an angle of 30 to the horizontal for a distance of 0.5 m. The coefficient of friction
between the table and the cup is μk = 0.10 . Calculate the work done by the
pushing force and the work done by the friction force.

The x -component of the pushing force

Fx  F cos 30 1.7 Newton
work done by the pushing force
W  Fx x 1.7 0.5 0.87 Joule

Work done by the kinetic friction = W f  k Nx

W f  k Nx
Fk  k N
kinetic friction force  (0.1)(0.96)(0.5) 0.048 Joules
N  mg  F sin 30 0
N mg  F sin 30 ( 2 9.81)  (2 sin 30 )
0.96 Newton
 Work Done by Frictional Force
Consider a body slides over the surface of
another body in the presence of friction.
a block which is translating a distance s over
a rough surface as shown in Fig. If the
applied force P just balances the resultant
frictional force F=µkN, then due to equilibrium
a constant velocity v is maintained.

W f  F f x k Nx k mgx

Push a cup of mass 0.2 kg along a horizontal table with a force of magnitude 2.0 N
for a distance of 0.5 m. The coefficient of friction between the table and the cup is
μk = 0.10 . Calculate the work done by the pushing force and the work done by the
friction force.

work done by the pushing force = W  Fx x 2 0.5 1Joule

work done by the friction force

W f  k mgx  (0.1)(0.2)(9.81)(0.5)
 0.1Joule
Work of a Weight
Work of the force of gravity,
w dU  Fx dx  Fy dy  Fz dz
 W dy
y2

W U1 2  W
y1
dy
 W y2  y1   W y
Work of the weight is equal to product of
weight W and vertical displacement y.

Work of the weight is positive when y < 0, i.e., when the weight moves down.
 Stopping Distance for Automobile
The minimum stopping distance for an automobile is determined by the effective
coefficient of friction between the tires and the road. The friction force of the road
must do enough work on the car to reduce its kinetic energy to zero.
If the wheels of the car continue to turn while braking, then static friction is
operating, while if the wheels are locked and sliding over the road surface, the
braking force is a kinetic friction force.

1 Principle of work and energy equation

W friction  mgd  m( v  u )
2 2
Total work = Change in kinetic energy
2
2 W = KE 2 - KE1
mu v12
 mgd   d U 1 2  T2  T1
2 2 g
The driver of a 1000 kg car traveling at 35.0 m/s on his brakes to avoid hitting a
second vehicle in front of him, which had come to rest because of congestion
ahead. After the breaks are applied, a constant friction force of 8000 N acts on the
car. Ignore air resistance. (a) At what minimum distance should the brakes be
applied to avoid a collision with the other vehicle? (b) If the distance between the
vehicles is initially only 30.0 m, at what speed would the collisions occur?

Given :
m = 1000 kg, u = 35 m/s,
Ffriction = 8000N

(i) minimum necessary stopping distance to avoid collision-d ( v = 0)

1 mv 2 1000 35 2
W friction  F friction d  m(v12  v 22 )  1 d 76.6m
2 2 2 8000

(ii) the distance between the vehicles is initially only 30.0 m, final velocity v 2 =?
(8000 30) 2
m(v 22  v12 ) v 22  35 2
 ( F friction d )  1000
2 v 2 27.3m / s
 Work of a Spring Force
• Magnitude of the force exerted by a spring is
proportional to deflection,
F kx
k spring constant N/m 

• Work of the force exerted by spring,

w dU  F dx  kx dx
x2

w U1 2  kx dx  12 kx12  12 kx22

x1

• Work of the force exerted by spring is positive when

x2 < x1, i.e., when the spring is returning to its
undeformed position.
• Work of the force exerted by the spring is equal to
negative of area under curve of F plotted against x,
W U1 2  1
2 F1  F2  x
13 - 57
A mass m initially at rest and attached to a spring compressed a distance x=-|
xi|, slides on a frictionless surface. What is the velocity of the mass when x=0 ?

1 1 1
U  w  kx 2  mv 22  mv12
2 2 2
k
v2  x
m

For m 0.5kg k 5 N / m xi 0.2m

5
v2  0.2 0.63m / s
0.5
A mass of 10 kg is dropped through 2 cm on a spring of stiffness k = 100 N/cm.
Working from the first principles, find the maximum displacement of the spring.

Mass = 10 kg
Stiffness, k = 100 N/cm
Height through which mass 10 kg is dropped = 2 cm
Let x = Maximum displacement of the spring when
mass 10 kg is dropped as shown in position 1.

For position (1)

(reference to line A-A)
P.E. = m × g × h
= 10 × 9.81 × (x + 2) N cm For position (2)
K.E. = 0 P.E. of mass = 0
∴ P.E. + K.E. = 10 × 9.81 × (x + 2) + P.E. of spring = (1/2)kx2
0 =(1/2)(100) x2 =50x2
= 10 × 9.81(x + 2) N cm K.E. = 0
Total mechanical energy of the system
= 0 + 50x2 + 0 = 50x2 N cm

the total energy of a system remains constant.

total energy at 1-1 = total energy at 2-2
10 × 9.81 × (x + 2) = 50x2
X= 3.19 cm
A spring is used to stop a 60 kg package which is sliding on a horizontal surface. The
spring has a constant k = 20 kN/m and is held by cables so that it is initially
compressed 120 mm. The package has a velocity of 2.5 m/s in the position shown
and the maximum deflection of the spring is 40 mm.
Determine (a) the coefficient of kinetic friction between the package and surface and
(b) the velocity of the package as it passes again through the position shown.

SOLUTION:
• Apply the principle of work and energy between the initial position and the point
at which the spring is fully compressed and the velocity is zero. The only
unknown in the relation is the friction coefficient.

• Apply the principle of work and energy for the rebound of the package. The
only unknown in the relation is the velocity at the final position.
13 - 60
SOLUTION:
• Apply principle of work and energy between initial
position and the point at which spring is fully
compressed.
T1  12 mv12  12 60 kg 2.5 m s  187.5 J
2
T2 0

U1 2 f   kW x

 
  k 60 kg  9.81m s 2 0.640 m   377 J  k

Pmin kx0 20 kN m 0.120 m  2400 N

Pmax k x0  x  20 kN m 0.160 m  3200 N
U1 2 e  12 Pmin  Pmax x
 1
2
2400 N  3200 N 0.040 m   112 .0 J

U1 2 U1 2  f  U1 2 e  377 J  k  112 J

T1  U1 2 T2 :
 k 0.20
187.5 J - 377 J  k  112 J 0
 • Apply the principle of work and energy for the
rebound of the package.
T2 0 T 3 12 mv32  12 60kg v32

U 2 3 U 2 3  f  U 2 3 e  377 J  k  112 J

36.5 J

T2  U 2 3 T3 :
0  36.5 J  12 60 kg v32
v3 1.103 m s

13 - 62
A spring with an unstretched length of 40 cm and a k value of 120 N/cm is used to lift a
5 kilogram box from a height of 20 cm to a height of 30 cm. If the box starts at rest,
what would you expect the final velocity to be?

W PE  KE
W  12 kx 2f  12 kxi2  12 mv 2  12 mu 2
0  12 12000.12  0.22  12 (5)(v) 2
v 8.37m / s
CONSERVATIVE FORCES
If the workdone by a force in moving body from one position to another position
is independent of the path followed by the body, the force is called conservative
force.
(e.g) weight of body, force exerted by stretched spring

Friction is a non-conservative force-the work depends upon the length of the path.
Work of a Force
 U is positive when F1 and ds are in the same direction
 Active force = force that does work.
 Reactive force= constraint force that does work.

Forces which do not do work (ds = 0 or cos :

• reaction at frictionless pin supporting rotating body,

• reaction at frictionless surface when body in
contact moves along surface,

• reaction at a roller moving along its track, and

• weight of a body when its center of gravity moves

horizontally.
Energy
Energy is defined as the capacity for doing work.

For example, if a particle is originally at rest, then the principle of

work and energy states that
.
Hence,
kinetic energy is equal to the work that must be done on the particle to
bring it from a state of rest to a speed v.

kinetic energy is a measure of the particle's capacity to do work,

which is associated with the motion of the particle.
 Potential Energy (Gravitational Potential Energy)
. If a particle is located a distance y above an arbitrarily
selected datum, as shown in Fig. ,the
particle's weight W has positive gravitational potential
energy, Vg , since W has the capacity of doing positive
work when the particle is moved
back down to the datum.

U1 2 Wh mgh

Elastic Potential Energy. When an elastic spring is

elongated or compressed a distance x from its
unstretched position, elastic potential energy can be
stored in the spring. This energy is

U1 2  12 kx 2
Principle of Work & Energy
The change in the kinetic energy of an object is equal to the net
work done on the object.
1 1
wnet  mv  mu 2
2

2 2

Work- Energy principal for angular Quantities:

For pure rotation, the net work is equal to the change in rotational
kinetic energy.
1 2 1 2
wnet  Ii  I f
2 2
For constant torque,
w 
 Particle Kinetic Energy: Principle of Work & Energy

The work of the force F is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the
particle. 1 1 1 1
U1 2 W1 2  mv22  mv12  mv 2  mu 2
2 2 2 2

 dv
A particle of mass m acted upon by force F Ft mat m
dt
dv ds dv
mmv
ds dt ds
F t ds mv dv

• Integrating from A1 to A2 ,
s2 v2
2 2
Ft ds m v dv  12 mv2  12 mv1
s1 v1

U1 2 T2  T1 T  12 mv 2 kinetic energy

Positive work done on the body Units of work and kinetic energy are same:
increases kinetic energy.  m
2
 m
T  12 mv 2 kg   kg 2  m  N m J
Negative work done on the body  s  s 
decreases
13 - 69 kinetic energy
A ball of mass 10 kg, initially at rest falls a height of 5m. What is its final
velocity? 1 2 1 2
U 1 2 W1 2 mgh  mv 2  mv1
2 2
v 2  2 gh  (2)(9.8)(5m) 9.899m / s

The mass of the Sikorsky UH-60A helicopter

is 9300 kg. It takes off vertically with its rotor
exerting a constant upward thrust of 112 kN.
Use the principle of work and energy to
determine how far it has risen when its velocity
is 6 m/s.
1 1
U1 2 W1 2  mv 2  mu 2
2 2

(112000  9300(9.81)h  1 (9300)(6) 2

2
h = 8.06 m
The 20-N box is at rest on the horizontal surface when the constant force F = 5 N is
applied. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and the surface is μk = 0.2.
Determine how fast the box is moving when it has moved 2 m from its initial position
(a) by applying Newton’s second law; (b) by applying the principle of work and
energy.

The equations of motion can be used to

find the acceleration Using the principle of work and energy
Work = Change in K.E.
 Fx  F   k N ma 2
 20  a  0.49 m / s U 1 2 T2  T1
  a 5  (0.2 20) 1
 9.81  ( F   k N )d  mv 2  0
2
Integrate to find the velocity at the new
1
position
dv v 2mv 2 5  (0.2 20 2  (20 / 9.81) v 2
a v  vdv   ads  2
ds 0 0 2
v 1.4m / s v 1.4m / s
When the driver applies the brakes of a light truck traveling 40 km/h, it skids 3 m before
stopping. How far will the truck skid if it is traveling 80 km/h when the brakes are
applied?

truck traveling 40 km/h

Initial velocity of truck u = 40 km/h.
Distance travelled = 3m

1000
u 40km / h 40  11 .11m / s
3600
friction Work = change in kinetic energy

1 1
U1 2 W1 2  mv22  mv12
2 2
1 If truck traveling at 80 km/h
 F f d 0  m (11 .11) 2
2 Initial velocity u = 80 km/h.= 22.2m/s
1 Distance travelled = ?
 mg 3  m (11 .11) 2
2 1
g 20.576  mg d 0  m ( 22.22) 2
2
1
 g d  m ( 22.22) 2
2
friction (µmg) does not depends on velocity d 12m
A block, initially at rest at a height h of 0.5 m, slides down a
frictionless incline. What is its final velocity?
At h =0.5 m At h = 0 m Δ PE = Δ KE
i P.E1 = mgh P.E1 = 0
K.E1 = 0 K.E1 = ½ mv2
h=0.5m
1
h=0.5m f mgh  0  mv 2  0
2
v  2 gh  2 9.81 0.5 3.13m / s
Power
Defined as the rate of doing work or rate of
using energy.
dw
P
dt
dw dr
dw  F .dr   F .  F .v
dt dt

P  F .v 1 metric H.P. = 735.75 watts

A 5N force acting on a particle moving with 3m/s has a power of

Power = Force x velocity =5x3=15N-m/s or 15 watt

For a rigid body rotating with an

angular velocity and acted upon by
a couple of moment parallel to the
axis of rotation,
dU M d
Power   M
dt dt
How much time does it take for a car of mass 800 kg to go from 0 mph
to 60 mph, if we assume that the engine delivers a constant power P of
40 horsepower during this period. (1 horsepower = 745.7 W)
Given :
Power P = 40HP = 40 x 745.7 W, m = 800 kg, v1= 0,
v2 = 60mph = (60x1.6x103)/3600 = 28.66 m/s, t =?

1 t1
P
dw w12 T2  T1  m(v 22  v12 ) w12  Pdt  P (t1  t 0 )  Pt
dt 2 t 0
1 w12 288
dw  Pdt
 800(26.83 2  0) t   9.66 s
2 P 40 745.7

The 500 N woman jogs up the flight of stairs in 5 seconds. Determine her average
power output.

Work 500 3
P  300watt
t 5
A train of mass 600 ton starts from rest and accelerates uniformly to attain a speed of
100 km/hr in 55 seconds. The total frictional resistance to motion is 20 kN. Determine
(a) the maximum power required by the train, (b) the power required to maintain
above speed.
Given :
m = 600 x 103 kg, v1= 0, v2 = 100 km/h = (100 x1000)/3600 = 27.78 m/s, t = 55s
v u  at
27.78  0
a  0 .5 m / s 2
55
Net force required for the train to attain acceleration of 0.5 m/s 2 to overcome
frictional resistance of 20 kN
3 3
 F  F  frictiionalforce (600 10 )(0.5)  20 10 320kN

dw
P 320 27.78 8889.6kW
dt
dw  Pdt
The man in pushes on the 50-kg crate with a force of F = 150 N. Determine the power
supplied by the man when t = 4 s. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the floor
and the crate is µk = 0.2. Initially the create is at rest .

Applying the equation of motion

The velocity of the crate when t = 4s,
  Fy ma y
 3 v u  at
N  150   (50 9.81) 0 v 0  (0.078 4) 0.312m / s
 5
 Fx ma x The power supplied to the crate by the
 4 man when t = 4s,
 150  0.2(580.5) 50a
 5
a 0.078m / s 2 P = Fx v = (4/5)150 x 0.312 = 37.4w
Conservation of Energy
It states that the total mechanical energy of the system is the sum of the particle's
kinetic and potential energies remains constant.
For this to occur, kinetic energy must be transformed into potential energy, and vice
versa.
[energy cannot be created or destroyed it can only be transformed from one
form to another and the total energy of an isolated system is conserved
(constant)]
A roller coaster of mass 500 kg starts from rest at
point A, and rolls down the track as shown in Fig.
Ignoring friction, determine: (a) the roller coaster
speed at B and C; (b) the work done by gravity as the
rollercoaster moves from A to B.
the gravitational potential energy to be zero at the
earth’s surface.
E KE  PE
conservation of energy
KE1  PE1  KE2  PE2
the roller coaster speed at B
As the car moves from A to B the work
1 2 done by gravity is
0  mghA mghB  mvB
2 Wg  PE  ( mghB  mghA )
1 2
mvB mghA  mghB mghA  mghB )
2 1.22 105 J
vB  2 g ( hA  hB  2 9.81 25
22.13m / s
the roller coaster speed at C
vC  2 g ( hA  hC )  2 9.81 20
22.19.8m / s
A 0.25 kg ball is attached to alight string of length L =
0.5m as in Fig. Find (a) the tension in the string at B(θ
= 10◦) if the ball is given an initial velocity va = .5m/s
at its lowest position; (b) the velocity of the ball at A if
the ball is released from rest at B.

At point B some of the kinetic energy of the ball is

converted into potential energy. By taking the origin
of the x-y coordinates at the lowest point A,
Angular Velocity For an object rotating about an axis, every
point on the object has the same angular
velocity. The tangential velocity of any point
is proportional to its distance from the axis
of rotation. Angular velocity has the units
rad/s.
v r

Angular velocity is the rate of change

of angular displacement and can be
described by the relationship
Equations for constant    0  t
acceleration

t
 t
  0  t
1
   t 2
2 2
0
2
2
  0  2
A wheel is initially rotating at a rate of f = 30 rev/sec. What is the
angular velocity? What is the speed of the dot on the rim of the wheel
at radius R = 0.5m?
the angular velocity
ω 2πf 2 (30) rad/s
188.495 rad/s

the speed of a dot on the rim of the wheel

R at a radius R 0.5m
v R (188.495 rad/s)(0.5m) 94.247m / s

A wheel is initially rotating at a rate of f=30 rev/sec. Because of a constant

angular deceleration, the wheel comes to rest in 3 seconds. What is the angular
deceleration? What is the deceleration of the dot on the rim of the wheel at
radius R = 0.5m?

the angular deceleration the deceleration of a dot on the rim

0  2πf  2 (30) rad/s of the wheel at a radius R 0.5m
  a R ( 62.83 rad/s 2 )(0.5m)
3s 3s
 62.83 rad/s 2  31.42m / s 2

82
Relation Between Kinetics of Linear Motion and Motion of Rotation
Sl.No Linear motion Motion of Rotation
1 Position (x) Angular position (Ɵ)
2. Velocity (v) Angular velocity (ω)
3. Acceleration (a) Angular Acceleration (α)
4. Motion equation Motion equation
x vt  t
v u  at   0  t
1 2 1
v 2 u 2  at  2  02  t 2
2 2
x ut  2as 2
  0  2
5. Mass (m) Moment of Inertia (I)
6. Force (F) Torque (T)
7. Force equation F = ma Torque equation T = Iα
8. Linear momentum (mv) Angular momentum (Iω)
9. Kinetic energy = ½ mv2 Rotational Kinetic energy = ½ I ω2
10 Distance travel (x or s) Angular Displacement (Ɵ)
11 Work done = W = FS Work done = W = Tɵ
2 - 83 12 Power = Fv Power = Tω
 Kinetic Energy of Rolling Object
If an object is rolling without slipping, then its kinetic energy can be
expressed as the sum of the translational kinetic energy of its center of
mass plus the rotational kinetic energy about the center of mass.