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Microcontroller-Process

Introduction to 8-bit microcontroller

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Kent Roferos
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4 views

Microcontroller-Process

Introduction to 8-bit microcontroller

Uploaded by

Kent Roferos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

Microcontroller

PROCESS
Input Microcontroller Output
signal (Process) signal

• Microcontroller process input data base on a program (hex file)


stored in microcontroller.
• Compilers produce hex files that we download into the ROM of the
microcontroller.
• In this chapter, we will learn C programming language to write a
program for PIC18F4550.
Why Program the PIC18 in C?
Reasons For Writing Programs In C Instead Of Assembly:

1. It is easier and less time consuming.


2. C is easier to modify and update.
3. You can use code available in function libraries.
4. C code is portable to other microcontrollers with little or no
modification.
Standard Method
a. C Comments

2 Ways to Write Comment:

i. Comment for multiple line:


/* Chapter 5
Title: C programming for PIC18F4550 */

ii. Comment for one line only:


// wait until SW1 press
Standard Method
b. Include Header File
o It enables the compiler to include file which define
standard keyword for PIC based on model.
o Eg.:
Standard Method
c. Configuration Bits
o A macro that writes a value into the special register
that controls the core executing operations of the
microcontroller.

o Configuration bit can be set in development software


(eg.: MPLAB IDE).

o If the configuration bits are not specified correctly, the


PIC MCUs might not run the application code properly.
Configuration Bits
 Eg.:
 1. Configuration bit for PIC16F877A
___CONFIG 0Xf32
 2. Configuration bit for PIC18F4550
Standard Method
d. Include Libraries, Functions declaration and Global
variables
 Placed:
 include other header file,
 libraries,
 to declare functions prototype
 global variables.

 This section can be leaved blank depend on program


writer.
Standard Method
e. Function Name

 It is the basis building block in C programming.


 C program must have at least the function main ( ).
• Eg.: void main (void)

 The void means the main ( ) function doesn’t return any


value when it exit (finishing running).
Basic Rules for Programming in C
f. Function Body

 Every function, including main ( ), must have a body


enclosed in braces { }.
 The curly braces are to signify the block of codes belonging
to main ( ).
 Do take note that there MUST NOT be semicolon after the
closing brace.
Exercise
 Identify the following from the program above:
1. Comment
2. Include header file
3. Configuration bit
4. Function
5. Function body
Radix Format
 Is the way a value is being presented in C language.
 Radix Format

Binary 0bnumber or 0Bnumber

Octal 0number or \number

Decimal number

Hexadecimal 0xnumber or 0xnumber


Radix Format - example
1. Write a statement to sent binary value 00001111 to Port A.
Solution:
PORTA = 0b00001111;

2. Convert the value in Question 1 into the following radix format:


a) Decimal
b) Hexadecimal

Solution:
c) PORTA = 15
d) PORTA = 0x0F;
Data Type
 Is type assigned to variable to determine the size and how
the variable being interpreted.
 Fundamental Type
Type Description Bits
char Single character 8
int Integer 16
float Single precision floating point number 32
double Double precision floating number 64
Data Type
 Modified Integer Types.
 Qualifies: unsigned, signed, short and long.
Qualified Type Min Max Bits
unsigned char 0 255 8
char, signed char -128 127 8
unsigned short int 0 65535 16
short int, singned short int -32768 32767 16
unsigned int 0 65535 16
int, signed int -32768 32767 16
unsigned long int 0 2³² - 1 32
long int, signed long int -2³¹ 2³¹ - 1 32
unsigned long long int 0 2⁶⁴ - 1 64
long long int, signed long long int -2⁶³ 2⁶³ - 1 64
Data Type
 Modified Floating Point Types

Qualifies Type Absolute Min Absolute Max Bits


float ± ~ 10 ¯⁴⁴·⁸⁵ ± ~ 10 ³⁸·⁵³ 32
double ¹ ± ~ 10 ¯⁴⁴·⁸⁵ ± ~ 10 ³⁸·⁵³ 32
long double ± ~ 10 ¯³²³·³ ± ~ 10 ³⁰⁸·³ 64
Unsigned Char
o The unsigned int is an 8-bit data type that takes a value in the range of 0 to 255 (00 –
FFH).
o C compilers use the signed char as the default unless we put the keyword unsigned in
front of the char.
o Example 5.1:
Write a C program to send value 0-255 to Port B

Solution:
#include <P18F4550.h>
void main (void)
{
unsigned char z;
TRISB=0;
for (z=0;z<=100000;z++)
{
PORTB=z;
while (1);
}
Data Type – Unsigned Char
Example 5.2
Write a C program to send hex values 8D to Port B.

Solution:
#include <P18F4550.h>
Unsigned char z=0x8D;
void main (void)
{
TRISB=0;
PORTB=z;
while (1);
}
Signed Char
o It is an 8-bit data type that uses the most significant bit
(D7 of D7-D0) to represent the – or + value.

o As a result, we have only 7 bits for the magnitude of the


signed number, giving us value from -128 to +127.

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

magnitude
Sign bit
Data Type – Signed Char
Example 5.4
Write a C18 program to send values -4 to +4 to Port B.

Solution:
#include <P18F4550.h>
void main (void)
{
char mynum[]={+1, -1, +2, -2, +3, -3, +4, -4};

signed char z;
TRISB=0; //make Port B an output
for (z=0;z<8;z++)
{
PORTB=mynum[z];
while (1); //stay here forever
}
Data Type - Unsigned Int
o Is a 16-bit data type that takes a value in the range of 0 to
65,535 (0000 – FFFFH).

o It also used to set counter value of more than 256.

o Example:

unsigned int i;
Example 5-5
Write a C18 program to toggle all bits of Port B 50,000 times.

Solution:
#include <P18F4550.h>
void main (void)
{
unsigned int z;
TRISB=0; //make Port B an output
for (z=0;z<=50000;z++)
{
PORTB=0x55;
PORTB=0xAA;
}
while (1); //stay here forever
}
Signed Int
o Is a 16-bit data type that uses the most significant bit (D15
of D15-D0) to represent the – or + value. As a result, we
have only 15bits for the magnitude of the number, or value
from -32,768 to 32,767.

o Example:
signed int i;
Or
int i;
Other Data Types
o The unsigned int is limited to value 0-65,535 (0000 –
FFFFH).

o The C18 C compiler supports both short long and long data
types, if we want values greater than 16-bit.

o See Table 5.1. The short long value is 24 bits wide, while
the long value is 32 bits wide.
EXERCISE
Write a C18 program to toggle all bits of Port B 100,000 times.

Solution:
#include <P18F4550.h>
void main (void)
{
unsigned short long z;
TRISB=0; //make Port B an output
for (z=0;z<=100000;z++)
{
PORTB=0x55;
PORTB=0xAA;
}
while (1); //stay here forever
}
Review Question

1. Give the reason why you choose C programming instead of


assembly?

2. Give the magnitude of unsigned char and signed char data types.

3. If we declaring a variable for person’s age, we should use the ____


data type.
Conclusion – outcomes of the day
Students should be able to:
1. Identify C programming languages for PIC18.

2. Explain the structure of C program for PIC18.

3. Discuss C Data type widely use by PIC.

Have you achieved the outcomes?

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