JAVA

Unit - I
JAVA
 programming language and a platform independent.
 Java is a high level, robust, object-oriented and secure
programming language.
 developed by Sun Microsystems – 1995
 father of Java -James Gosling
 Before java – named as OAK
 Rename to JAVA
History
 Originally designed for interactive television
 but it was too advanced technology for the
digital cable television industry at the time.
 to develop a language for digital devices such as
set-top boxes, televisions, etc.
 best suited for internet programming.
 Later, Java technology was incorporated by
Netscape.
 Principle / features of java :
◦ Simple, Robust, Portable, Platform-independent, Secured, High

Performance, Multithreaded, Architecture Neutral, Object-

Oriented, Interpreted, and Dynamic.

 Currently, Java is used in internet programming,

mobile devices, games, e-business solutions, etc

Points to remember in
history
 1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick
Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991.
The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.
 2) Initially it was designed for small, embedded systems in
electronic appliances like set-top boxes.
 3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling, and
the file extension was .gt
 4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a
part of the Green project.
Why Java was named as "Oak"?

 5) Why Oak? Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a

national tree of many countries like the U.S.A., France,

Germany, Romania, etc.

 6) In 1995, Oak was renamed as "Java" because it was

already a trademark by Oak Technologies.

Why Java Programming named "Java"?

 7) Why had they chose the name Java for Java language?

◦ The team gathered to choose a new name. The suggested words

were "dynamic", "revolutionary", "Silk", "jolt", "DNA", etc.

◦ According to James Gosling, "Java was one of the top choices along

with Silk". Since Java was so unique, most of the team members

preferred Java than other names.

 8) Java is an island in Indonesia where the first coffee was produced

(called Java coffee). It is a kind of espresso bean. Java name was

chosen by James Gosling while having a cup of coffee nearby his office.
OOPs concepts

JAVA follows the OOPs (Object Oriented

Programming ) paradigm.
Object-Oriented concepts are as follows :
 Classes
 objects
 Data Abstraction
 Encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
OOPs have following features

1. Object - Instance of class

2. Class - Blue print of Object
3. encapsulation - Protecting our data
4. polymorphism - Different behaviors at
diff. instances
5. abstraction - Hiding our irrelevance
data
6. inheritance - one property of object is
acquiring to another property of object
Object
Basically an object is anything that is identifiable as an
single material item. You can see around and find many
objects like Camera, Monitor, Laptop etc.
In OOP perspective, an object is nothing but an instance
of a class that contains real values instead of variables
2. Class

A class is a template definition of the methods and variables for a

particular kind of object.
class Human
{
private:
EyeColor IColor;
NAME personname;
};
3. Abstraction
Abstraction is a process of identifying the relevant qualities and
behaviors an object should possess.
A Laptop consists of many things such as processor,
motherboard, RAM, keyboard, LCD
screen, wireless antena, web camera, usb ports, battery,
speakers etc.
To use it, you don't need to know how internally LCD screens,
keyboard, web camera, battery, wireless antena, speakers
works.
You just need to know how to operate the laptop by switching
it on. The intrinsic details are invisible.
4. Encapsulation

Encapsulation is a method for protecting data from

unwanted access or alteration by packaging it in an
object where it is only accessible through the object's
interface. Encapsulation are often referred to as
information hiding.
 5. Inheritance

Inheritance is the ability to define a new class or object

that inherits the behavior and its functionality of an
existing class.
 The new class or object is called a child or subclass or

derived class while the original class is called parent or

base class.
 6. Polymorphism

As name suggests, Polymorphism means an ability to

assume different forms at different places.
There are two types of polymorphism.
 Compile time polymorphism - It is achieved by
overloading functions and operators
 Run time polymorphism - It is achieved by
overriding virtual functions
Message Communication
 Two classes can communicate with each other through

the objects which is created either in a same package or

in a different class file
Features of Java
Characteristics of Java
•Java is simple-C & C++ features are adapted.
• Java is object-oriented-classes as packages and objects.

•Java is distributed-it can share both data and programs.

•Java is compiled & interpreted
•Java is robust
•Java is architecture-neutral
•Java is portable
•Java’s high performance-Multithreading
•Java is multithreaded-multiple
•Java is dynamic-supports functions of c & c++
•Java is secure
 HOW JAVA DIFFERENT FROM C / C++

 Major difference is that C is a structure oriented language

and Java is an object oriented language and has
mechanism to define classes and objects.
 Java does not support an explicit pointer type
 Java does not have preprocessor, so we cant use #define,
#include and #ifdef statements.
 Java does not include structures, unions and enum data
types.
 Java does not include keywords like goto, sizeof and
typedef.
 Java adds labeled break and continue statements.
JAVA PROGRAM STRUCTURE
 JDK
 The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a cross-platformed
software development environment that offers a
collection of tools and libraries necessary for
developing Java-based software applications and
applets.
 It is a core package used in Java, along with the

JVM (Java Virtual Machine) and the JRE (Java

Runtime Environment).
Java Interpreter
 Java interpreter is a computer program (system
software) that implements the JVM.
 It is responsible for reading and executing the program.
 It is designed in such a way that it can read the byte

program and translate the byte code instruction by

instruction.
JVM (Java Virtual Machine)

 JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is an abstract machine. It

is a specification that provides runtime environment in
which java bytecode can be executed.
What it does
 Loads code
 Verifies code
 Executes code
 Provides runtime environment
Data Type
 In java, there are two types of data types
 •primitive data types
 •non-primitive data types
Reserve Words
Java Variables

 A variable is a container which holds the

value while the Java programis executed.
 A variable is assigned with a data type.
 Variable is a name of memory location.
Variable
 A variable is the name of a reserved area

allocated in memory.
 In other words, it is a name of the memory

location.
 It is a combination of "vary + able" which

means its value can be changed.

Types of Variables
 There are three types of variables in Java

 local variable
 instance variable
 static variable
1) Local Variable
 A variable declared inside the body of the method is called

local variable. You can use this variable only within that
method and the other methods in the class aren't even aware
that the variable exists.
 A local variable cannot be defined with "static" keyword.

2) Instance Variable
 A variable declared inside the class but outside the body of the

method, is called an instance variable. It is not declared as

static
 It is called an instance variable because its value is instance-

specific and is not shared among instances.

3) Static variable
 A variable that is declared as static is called a static

variable. It cannot be local. You can create a single

copy of the static variable and share it among all the
instances of the class.
 Memory allocation for static variables happens only

once when the class is loaded in the memory.

 public class A
 {
 static int m=100;//static variable
 void method()
 {
 int n=90;//local variable
 }
 public static void main(String args[])
 {
 int data=50;//instance variable
 }
 }//end of class
Java Variable Example: Add Two Numbers

public class Simple

{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int a=10;
int b=10;
int c=a+b;
System.out.println(c);
}
}
Java Type Casting

 Type casting is when you assign a value of one

primitive data type to another type.
 In Java, there are two types of casting:
 Widening Casting (automatically) - converting a

smaller type to a larger type size

byte -> short -> char -> int -> long -> float -> double
Narrowing Casting (manually) - converting a larger
type to a smaller size type
double -> float -> long -> int -> char -> short -> byte
Widening Casting
 Widening casting is done automatically

when passing a smaller size type to a larger

size type:
Narrowing Casting
 Narrowing casting must be done manually

by placing the type in parentheses in front

of the value:
Java Operators

Operators are used to perform operations on

variables and values.

Java divides the operators into the following

groups:
 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
 Comparison operators
 Logical operators
 Bitwise operators
Arithmetic Operators
Java Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign

values to variables.
Java Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare

two values:
Java Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to determine the

logic between variables or values:
Bitwise Operator
Decision-Making

conditional statements are used to perform

different actions based on various
conditions.
 The conditional statement evaluates a

condition before the execution of

instructions.
The if statement

It is one of the simplest decision-making

statement which is used to decide whether a
block of JavaScript code will execute if a
certain condition is true.
 Syntax

if (condition) {
// block of code will execute if the condition i
s true
}
 For example
var x = 78;
if (x>70) {
console.log("x is greater")
}
The if….else statement

 An if….else statement includes two blocks

that are if block and else block. It is the
next form of the control statement, which
allows the execution of JavaScript in a more
controlled way.
 It is used when you require to check two

different conditions and execute a different

set of codes. The else statement is used
for specifying the execution of a block of
code if the condition is false.
Syntax
if (condition)
{
// block of code will execute if the condition is true
}
else
{
// block of code will execute if the condition is false
}
For example
var x = 40, y=20;
if (x < y)
{
console.log("y is greater");
}
else
{
console.log("x is greater");
}
The nested if statement

It is an if statement inside an if statement.

Syntax
if (condition1)
{
Statement 1; //It will execute when condition1 is true
if (condition2)
{
Statement 2; //It will execute when condition2 is true
}
else
{
Statement 3; //It will execute when condition2 is false
}
}
Example
var num = 20;
if (num > 10)
{
if (num%2==0)
console.log( num+ " is greater than 10 and even number");
else
console.log(num+ " is greater than 10 and odd number");
}
else
{
console.log(num+" is smaller than 10");
}
console.log("After nested if statement");
The switch statement

It is a multi-way branch statement that is

also used for decision-making purposes. In
some cases, the switch statement is more
convenient than if-else statements.
 It is mainly used when all branches depend

upon the value of a single variable. It

executes a block of code depending upon
the different cases.
Syntax
switch(expression){
case value1:
//code to be executed;
break; //optional
case value2:
//code to be executed;
break; //optional
......

default:
code to be executed if all cases are not matched;
}
var num = 5;
switch(num) {
case 0 : {
console.log("Sunday");
break;
}
case 1 : {
console.log("Monday");
break;
}
case 2 : {
console.log("Tuesday");
break;
}
case 3 : {
console.log("Wednesday");
break;
}
case 4 : {
console.log("Thursday");
break;
}
case 5 : {
console.log("Friday");
break;
}
case 6 : {
console.log("Saturday");
break;
}
default: {
console.log("Invalid choice");
break;
}
}
Looping
 Loops can execute a block of code as long as a specified condition is
reached.
 Loops are handy because they save time, reduce errors, and they make
code more readable.

For Loop

for (statement 1; statement 2; statement 3)

{ // code block to be executed }

 Statement 1 is executed (one time) before the execution of the code block.
 Statement 2 defines the condition for executing the code block.
 Statement 3 is executed (every time) after the code block has been
executed.
The example below will print the numbers 0 to 4:

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

{
System.out.println(i);

}
While Loop

The while loop loops through a block of code

as long as a specified condition is true:

Syntax
while (condition)
{ // code block to be executed
}
Example
int i = 0;
while (i < 5)
{
System.out.println(i); i++;
}
do...while
A do...while loop is similar to a while loop,
except that a do...while loop is guaranteed to
execute at least one time.

Syntax
 Following is the syntax of a do...while loop −

Do
{ // Statements
}
while(Boolean_expression);
Output
value of x : 10
value of x : 11
value of x : 12
value of x : 13
value of x : 14
value of x : 15
value of x : 16
value of x : 17
value of x : 18
value of x : 19
Labeled Loops
 What is a labeled loop in Java? A label is a valid
variable name that denotes the name of the loop to
where the control of execution should jump.
 To label a loop, place the label before the loop with a

colon at the end. Therefore, a loop with the label is

called a labeled loop.
public class LabeledForLoop
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int i, j;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
{
System.out.println();
//inner loop
inner: //label
for(j=1;j<=10;j++)
{
System.out.print(j + " ");
if(j==9)
break inner;
}
}
}
}
Java Arrays

 Arrays are used to store multiple values in a

single variable, instead of declaring
separate variables for each value.
 To declare an array, define the variable type

with square brackets:

// declare an array
int[] age = new int[5];
// initialize array
age[0] = 12;
age[1] = 4;
age[2] = 5;
//declare and initialize an array
int[] age = {12, 4, 5, 2, 5};
Single Dimensional Array in Java

 One-dimensional Array
 Also known as a linear array, the elements

are stored in a single row. For example:

Two dimensional array
 In Java, 2D arrays are stored as arrays of
arrays.
 Therefore, the way 2D arrays are declared is

similar 1D array objects.

 2D arrays are declared by defining a data

type followed by two sets of square

brackets.
 The syntax to declare and initialize the 2D

array is given as follows.

int arr[2][2] = {0,1,2,3};
String Handling
 Strings, which are widely used in Java programming,
are a sequence of characters.
 In Java programming language, strings are treated as

objects.
 The most direct way to create a string is to write −

String greeting = "Hello world!";

import java.io.*;
import java.lang.*;

class Test {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Declare String without using new operator
String s = "GeeksforGeeks";

// Prints the String.

System.out.println("String s = " + s);

// Declare String using new operator

String s1 = new String("GeeksforGeeks");

// Prints the String.

System.out.println("String s1 = " + s1);
}
}
Output:
String s = GeeksforGeeks
String s1 = GeeksforGeeks
 Method Description
charAt(int) Finds the character at given index

length() Finds the length of given string

compareTo(String) Compares two strings

concat(String) Concatenates the object string with argument

string.

contains(String) Checks whether a string contains sub-string

startsWith(String) Checks whether a string starts with the

specified string
endsWith(String) Checks whether a string ends with the
specified string

getBytes() Converts string value to bytes

indexOf(String) Finds the first index of argument string in

object string

lastIndexOf(String) Finds the last index of argument string in

object string

isEmpty() Checks whether a string is empty or not

replace(String, String) Replaces the first string with second string

replaceAll(String, Replaces the first string with
String) second string at all occurrences.

substring(int, int) Extracts a sub-string from specified

start and end index values

toLowerCase() Converts a string to lower case

letters
toUpperCase() Converts a string to upper case
letters
trim() Removes whitespace from both ends
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