Chapter 3 (3)

CHAPTER THREE
IDENTIFICATION AND DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES
Identification is the process of detecting the presence and absence of a

certain problems on the child.
Assessment
Assessment is the way of determining the nature, severity, type, causes and
consequences of the problem/conditions.
Assessment requires a teamwork which includes parents, special needs
expert, health professionals, psychologists, educational experts, social
workers, etc.
Purposes of Assessment
The purpose of assessment is to gather relevant information about student performance

or progress, or to determine student interests to make judgments about their learning
process. This may be used for
Intervention is the process/way of provision of support for the child, who is eligible for
intervention by the team member of assessment.
Intervention is a multiple service delivery model that can satisfy the most needs of
PWDs and vulnerabilities.
Differentiated service describes diverse needs of persons with disabilities and

vulnerabilities followed by differentiated intervention and rehabilitation approaches
according to the result of the team.
Identification and provision of differentiated services is vital for the
realization of inclusiveness, from different perspectives, such as;
health services provision,
accessibility of technologies,
employment and economic independence,
disability and rural life and access to education for PWDs and vulnerabilities.
As we know people respond to disabilities in different ways. Some react
negatively and as a result their quality of life is negatively affected.
Others to focus on their abilities as opposed to their disabilities and continue
to live a productive life.
The following are often considered as the most significant factors in
determining a disability's impact on an individual life.
1. Factors related to the person
There are several factors that affect the impact a disability has on an individual.
A. The nature of the disability: Disability can be acquired (a result of an
accident, or acquired disease) or congenital (present at birth).
If the disability is acquired, it is more likely to cause a negative reaction than
a congenital disability.
Congenital disabilities are disabilities that have always been present, thus
requiring less of an adjustment than an acquired disability.
B. The individual’s personality
♥ Positive/negative
♥ Independent/dependent
♥ Goal-oriented/laissez-faire
C. The meaning of the disability to the individual
♠ Does the individual define himself/herself by his/her looks or xcs?
♠ If so, he/she defined by his/her disability & has negative impact.
D. The individual’s current life circumstances
ᴪ Independence/dependence
ᴪ On parents/others
ᴪ Economic status/both PWDs & care givers
ᴪ Educational level
Cont..
E. The individual's support system
۩ Family
۩ Significant others
۩ Friends/social groups
2. Economic Factors and Disability
Microsystem is the local area of the person with the disabling conditions.
Mesosystem is the area beyond the immediate neighborhood, perhaps
encompassing the town.
Macro system may represent a region or nation.
3. Political Factors and Disability
The political system, through its role in designing public policy, can and does have a
profound impact on the extent to which impairments and other potentially disabling
conditions will result in disability.
4. Psychological Factors of Disability
The impact of psychological factors focuses on how disability and disabling conditions are
perceived and experienced.
A.Social Cognitive Processes: Cognition consists of thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and ways of
viewing the world, others, and ourselves. These are self-efficacy beliefs, psychological
control, and coping patterns which all these are socially constructed.
1.Self-Efficacy Beliefs: beliefs are concerned with whether or not a person believes that he or
she can accomplish a desired outcome. Beliefs about one's abilities affect what a person
chooses to do, how much effort is put into a task, and how long an individual will endure
when there are difficulties.
Cont..
2.Psychological Control: Psychological Control or control
beliefs: is similar to self-efficacy beliefs in that they are
thoughts, feelings, and beliefs regarding one's ability to exert
control or change a situation.
3.Coping Patterns: refer to behavioral and cognitive efforts

to manage specific internal or external demands that exceed a
person's resources to adjust.
B. Personality Disposition (Optimism): Optimism is a personality disposition or trait that can
mediate how disabling conditions are experienced. Optimism is the general tendency to view the
world, others, and oneself favorably.
 Optimists tend to have better self-esteem and less hostility toward others and tend to use more
adaptive coping strategies than pessimists.
 Individuals with optimistic orientations have a faster rate of recovery during hospitalization and
a faster rate of return to normal life activities after discharge.
5. The Family and Disability
The family can be either an enabling or a disabling factor for a person with a disabling condition.
E.g., some families promote dependency.

Culture and Disability
Culture affects the enabling-disabling process at each stage.
Culture includes both material culture (things and the rules for producing
them) and nonmaterial culture (norms or rules, values, symbols, language,
ideational systems such as science or religion, and arts such as dance, crafts,
and humor).
Both the material and nonmaterial aspects of cultures and subcultures are
relevant to the enabling-disabling process.
Common Effects of Disabilities
Anxiety and depression

Loss of freedom and independence
Frustration and anger at having to rely on other people
Practical problems including transport, choice of activities,
accessing buildings
Unemployment
Problems with learning and academic study
Loss of self-esteem and confidence, especially in social situations.
Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR)
Community- based rehabilitation is a combination of two important words;

community and rehabilitation.
 Community; consists of people living together in some form of social
organization sharing political, economic, social and cultural characteristics in
varying degrees.
Rehabilitation; aimed at reducing the impact of disability for an individual
enabling him or her to achieve independence, social integration, a better
quality of life and self-actualization
CBR promotes collaboration among community leaders, PWDs and their
families and other concerned citizens to provide equal opportunities for all
peoples with disabilities in the community.
Community based rehabilitation is a strategy that can address
the needs of peoples with disabilities with in their communities.
Community based rehabilitation is also a common sense strategy
for enhancing the quality of life of peoples with disabilities by
improving services delivery in order to reach all in need by
providing more equitable opportunities and by promoting and
protecting their rights.
Major Objectives of CBR
The major objective of community based rehabilitation is:

To ensure that people with disabilities are empowered
To maximize their physical and mental abilities
To have access to regular services and opportunities
To become active, contributing members of their communities and then to

belonging with societies.
Creating Welcoming (Inclusive) Environment
External environmental modifications can take many forms. These can include
assistive devices, alterations of a physical structure, object modification, and task
modification.
1. Mobility aids
Prosthetic limb
Wheelchair (manual and/or motorized)
Canes
Crutches
Braces
2. Communication aids
 Telephone amplifier
Voice-activated computer
Closed or real-time captioning
 Computer-assisted note taker
Print enlarger
Reading machines
 Books on tape
 Sign language or oral interpreters
Braille writer
3.Accessible structural elements
Ramps elevators
Wide doors
4. Job accommodations
Simplification of task
Flexible work hours
Rest breaks
Splitting job into parts
Sound-reflective building materials
 Enhanced lighting
5.Accessible features
Built up handles
Voice-activated computer
6.Differential use of personnel
Personal care assistants
Sign language interpreters
Needs of PWDs & Vs
THE END!!!

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CHAPTER THREE

IDENTIFICATION AND DIFFERENTIATED SERVICES

Identiﬁcation is the process of detecting the presence and absence of a

The purpose of assessment is to gather relevant information about student performance

Differentiated service describes diverse needs of persons with disabilities and

3.Coping Patterns: refer to behavioral and cognitive efforts

5. The Family and Disability

E.g., some families promote dependency.

Anxiety and depression

Community- based rehabilitation is a combination of two important words;

The major objective of community based rehabilitation is:

To maximize their physical and mental abilities

To have access to regular services and opportunities

To become active, contributing members of their communities and then to

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