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Lecture-27( Optical Communication) (4)

The document discusses error control techniques in optical communication, including types of errors such as single bit, multiple bits, and burst errors, along with methods for error detection and correction like parity check and cyclic redundancy check (CRC). It also covers the eye diagram as a measurement tool for assessing digital transmission performance, detailing parameters such as noise margin, timing errors, and rise time. The content emphasizes the importance of these techniques in ensuring data integrity during transmission.

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abhi905622
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
1 views

Lecture-27( Optical Communication) (4)

The document discusses error control techniques in optical communication, including types of errors such as single bit, multiple bits, and burst errors, along with methods for error detection and correction like parity check and cyclic redundancy check (CRC). It also covers the eye diagram as a measurement tool for assessing digital transmission performance, detailing parameters such as noise margin, timing errors, and rise time. The content emphasizes the importance of these techniques in ensuring data integrity during transmission.

Uploaded by

abhi905622
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DR.

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

Branch - ECE
Optical Communication
KEC-058
Lecture –27
Error Control Techniques & Eye Diagram
Content To Be Covered
 Error Control Techniques

 Eye Diagram
Error Control Techniques-Errors
 There are many reasons such as noise, cross-talk etc., which may help data to get corrupted
during transmission.
 Data-link layer uses some error control mechanism to ensure that frames (data bit streams)
are transmitted with certain level of accuracy. But to understand how errors is controlled, it
is essential to know what types of errors may occur.
 Types of Error:-
 Single bit error:-
In a frame, there is only one bit which is corrupt.

 Multiple bits error:-


Frame is received with more than one bits in corrupted state.
Continued….
 Burst Error:-
Frame contains more than 1 consecutive bit corrupted.

Error control mechanism may involve two possible ways:


 Error detection
 Error correction
Error Detection
Errors in the received frames are detected by means of :
 Parity Check
 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
Parity Check
 One extra bit is sent along with the original bits to make number of 1s even in case
of even parity and odd in case of odd parity.
 The sender while creating the frame count the number of 1s in it.
Example:-
 If even parity is used and number of 1s is even then one bit with value 0 is
added .This way number of 1s remain even.
 If the number of 1s is odd, to make it even a bit with value 1 is added.
Continued….
The receiver simply counts the number of 1s in the frame. If the counts of 1s is even and
even parity is used, the frame is considered to be non-corrupted and it is accepted.
If the count of 1s is odd and odd parity is used, the frame is still not corrupted.

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC):-


CRC is different approach to detect if the received frame contains valid data.
This technique involves binary division of data bits being sent.
The divisor is generated using polynomials.
The sender performs the division operation of the bits being sent and calculates the
remainder.
Before sending the actual bits, the sender adds the remainder at the end of the actual bits.
Actual data bits plus the remainder is called codeword.
Continued….
At the other end, the receiver performs division operation on codeword using the same
CRC divisor.
If the remainder contains all zeros the data bits are accepted, otherwise it is considered
as there some data corruption occurred in transmit.
Error Correction
Error Detection can be done generally in 2 ways:
 Backward Error Correction
 Forward Error Correction

Backward Error Correction:-


When the receiver detects an error in the data received, it request back the sender to
retransmit the data unit.
It is simple one and can be efficiently used where retransmitting is not very expensive.

Forward Error Correction:-


When the receiver detects some error in the data received, it executes error correcting
code, which help it to auto recover and to correct some kind of errors.
Eye Diagrams
 The eye diagram is powerful measurement tool for assessing the data handling
ability of a digital transmission system.
 It is used extensively for evaluating the performance of wireline systems and also
applies to optical fiber data links.
 The eye pattern measurements are made in the time domain and allow the effects of
waveform distortion to be shown immediately on the display screen of standard
BER test equipment.
Height of the eye opening:
The height of the eye opening at the specified sampling time shows the noise margin or
immunity to the noise.
Continued….
Width of the eye opening:
 It defines the time interval over which the received signal can be sampled
without error due to interference from the adjacent pulses (ISI).
 The best time to sample the received waveform is when the height of the eye
opening is largest. The more the eye closes, the more difficult it is to
distinguish between ones and zeros in the signal.
Noise margin:
It is the percentage ratio of peak signal voltage V1 for an alternating bit sequence to the
maximum signal voltage V2 as measured from the threshold level.
Continued….
Timing errors:-
 The rate at which the eye closes as the sampling time is varied (i.e the slope of the
eye pattern sides) determines the sensitivity of the system to timing errors.
 The possibility of timing errors increases as the slop becomes more horizontal.

Timing Jitter:-
 It is also referred to as edge jitter or phase distortion. It arises from the noise in the
receiver and pulse distortion in the optical fiber.
 Causes: Bit errors, produce uncertainties in clock timing, receiver can lose
synchronization with the incoming bit stream thereby incorrectly interpreting logic
1and 0 pulses.
Continued….
 The amount of distortion ∆T at the threshold level indicates the amount of jitter.

Rise Time:-
 It is defined as the time interval between the points where the rising edge of the
signal reaches 10 percent of its final amplitude to the time where it reaches 90
percent of its final amplitude.
 Conversion from 20 to 80 percent rise time to 10 – 90 percent rise time.
Approximately
General configuration of an eye diagram showing the
definitions of fundamental measurement parameters
Simplified eye diagram showing the key performance
parameters
THANK YOU

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