Colligative

Properties of
Solutions
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
 Learning
Competencies

• Describe the effect of

concentration on the colligative
properties of solution (STEM
11_GC11PPllld-f-115);
• Differentiate the colligative
properties of nonelectrolyte
solutions and of electrolyte
solutions (STEM 11_GC11PPllld-f-
116);
• Calculate boiling point
elevation and freezing point
depression from the
concentration of solute in a
solution (STEM 11_GC11PPllld-f-
117).
Specific Objectives:
1. Name the 2. Explain the
changes caused by
four electrolytes
colligative 1 compared to those
caused by
properties of nonelectrolytes in a
solution; solution;

2
3. Calculate 4. Determine the
changes in concentration
and molar mass
freezing point
and boiling 3 of a solution
from the change
point of in boiling point,
solutions; and freezing point.
Colligative property refers
to the property of the
solution that depends on
the number of solute Colligati
particles present.
Colligative properties of ve
solutions include freezing Propert
point depression and
boiling point elevation. y
There are more colligative
properties like osmotic
pressure and vapor
pressure lowering.
Boiling Point Elevation of
Nonelectrolyte Solution
Colligative
A liquid boils when its vapor
pressure is equal to its Properties
atmospheric pressure (1.01 x of
105 Pa). The normal boiling Nonelectrol
point of a liquid is the
temperature at which its
yte and
vapor pressure is 1.01 x105 Electrolyte
Pa. If the vapor pressure Solutions
decreases in a nonelectrolyte
solution, the boiling point of
the solution tends to increase.
Therefore, to reach the
1.01 x 105 Pa vapor Colligative
pressure, the solution must Properties
be boiled at a temperature of
higher than the normal Nonelectrol
boiling point temperature yte and
of the pure solvent. The
increase in the boiling Electrolyte
point temperature is called Solutions
boiling point elevation
(∆Tb).
To determine the boiling
point elevation of a solution,
we use equation;
∆Tb = Kbm
Where:
Kb = the molal boiling point elevation
constant
m = the molality of the solute in the
solution.
Molality is used in this equation since it
relates to mole fraction and, thus, particles
of solute and temperature do not affect it.
On the other hand, the boiling point of a
solution can be determined using equation,
Tb(solution)= Tb(solvent)+
∆Tb
Example 3.1A:
Sucrose (C22O11H22, 342 g/mol), like
many sugars, is highly soluble in
water; almost 1500 g will dissolve
in 1000 g of water, giving rise to
what amounts to pancake syrup.
Using Kb of 0.514 K/mol*Kg,
estimate the boiling point
elevation of such a sugar solution.
Given: Molar Mass C22O11H22 = 342 g/mol
Mass C22O11H22 = 1500 g Volume water
Convert g to Kg: 1000 g = 1Kg
Kb = 0.514 K/molal
Unknown: Boiling point elevation (∆Tb)
Equation: ∆Tb = Kbm
molality = Number of moles of
sucrose
kg of solvent
= 4.39 mol
molality (m) = 4.39 mol sucrose/kg water
∆Tb = Kb*m
∆Tb = (0.514 K/m)(4.39 mol
sucrose/kg water)
∆Tb = 2.25 K
Calculate the boiling point elevation of the
solution when 11.4 g of ammonia (NH 3) is
dissolved in 200 g of water. The Kb for
water is 0.52 °C/m.
Step 1: Write the given
Step 2: Solve for the number of moles
Step 3: Compute for molality
Step 4: Determine the boiling point
elevation

ΔTb = 1.74 oC
What is the molality of a solution dissolved in
chloroform that boils at 62.8 oC? The boiling
point of chloroform is 61.2 oC and the boiling
point elevation constant is 3.63 oC/m.

Step 1: Write the given

Step 2: Solve for Boiling point elevation
(ΔTb)
Step 3: Solve for molality

0.44 m
The freezing point of a solution
is the temperature at which its
vapor pressure equals that of
the pure solvent, that is, when
solid solvent and liquid
solution are in
Freezing Point equilibrium.
Depression
The freezing point depression(∆Tf)
occurs because the vapor pressure of
the solution is always lower than that of
the solvent, so the solution freezes at a
lower temperature; that is, only at a
lower temperature will solvent
particles leave and enter the solid
Freezing Point
at the same rate.

Depression
The freezing-point depression (∆Tf) is defined as the
freezing point of the pure solvent (Tf°) minus the freezing
point of the solution (Tf):
∆Tf =Tf° - Tf
Because Tf° >Tf, ∆Tf is a positive quantity. Again, ∆Tf is
proportional to the concentration of the solution:

∆Tf α m
∆Tf = Kf*m
where ∆Tf is the freezing point elevation, m is the
concentration of the solute in molality units, and
Kf is the molal freezing-point depression constant.
The Kf of water is 1.86 °C*Kg/mol
Example 1
2.00 g of some unknown
compound reduces the
freezing point of 75.00 g of
benzene from 5.53 to 4.90
0
C. What is the molar mass
of the compound? Kf = 5.12 0C
Kg/mol
Step 1 Compute for molality
of the benzene solution
Step 2 Solve for the amount
of solute dissolved
Step 3 find the Molecular
weight of the unknown
compound

222.22 g/mol
Example 2
Benzophenone has a freezing
point of 49.00oC. A 0.450 molal
solution of urea in this solvent
has a freezing point of 44.59oC.
Find the freezing point
depression constant for the
solvent.

9.8 0C/m
Calculate the freezing point depression when
62.2 g of toluene (C7H8) is dissolved in 481 g
of naphthalene. The freezing point constant
for naphthalene is 7.00 °C/m.

Step 1: Write the given

Step 2: Compute for the number of moles (n)
of (C7H8 )
Step 3: Solve for molality (m) of the solution
Step 4: Solve for freezing point depression
(ΔTf) of the solution. ΔTf
= 9.820C
Vapor Pressure
Lowering
The pressure exerted by the gas that is in
dynamic equilibrium with its liquid in a
closed system at a specified temperature is
called vapor pressure. A pure liquid has
greater vapor pressure than the vapor
pressure of a solution. Vapor pressure
lowering depends on the number of solute
particles that have been dissolved. The
greater the concentration of solute present
the greater the vapor pressure lowering.
Vapor Pressure
Lowering
The relationship between the vapor
pressures of solution components and the
concentrations of those components is
described by Raoult’s law: The partial
pressure exerted by any component of an
ideal solution is equal to the vapor pressure
of the pure component multiplied by its
mole fraction in the solution.
where :
PA is the partial pressure exerted by component
A in the
solution
P∗A is the vapor pressure of pure A
A nonvolatile substance is one whose
vapor pressure is negligible (P* ≈ 0),
and so the vapor pressure above a
solution containing only nonvolatile
solutes is due only to the solvent:
Example:
Compute the vapor pressure of an
ideal solution containing 92.1 g of
glycerin, C3H5(OH)3, and 184.4 g of
ethanol, C2H5OH, at 40 °C. The
vapor pressure of pure ethanol is
0.178 atm at 40 °C. Glycerin is
essentially nonvolatile at this
temperature.
Example:
Compute the vapor pressure of an ideal
solution containing 92.1 g of glycerin,
C3H5(OH)3, and 184.4 g of ethanol,
C2H5OH, at 40 °C. The vapor pressure of
pure ethanol is 0.178 atm at 40 °C.
Glycerin
Since the is essentially
solvent nonvolatile
is the only volatile at
this temperature.
component of this solution, its vapor
pressure may be computed per Raoult’s law
as:
Problem 2.
A solution contains 5.00 g of urea,
CO(NH2)2 (a nonvolatile solute) and 0.100
kg of water. If the vapor pressure of pure
water at 25 °C is 23.7 torr, what is the
vapor pressure of the solution assuming
ideal behavior?

23.4
torr
Osmotic Pressure.
The movement of a solvent through a
semipermeable membrane from a
region of low concentration to a region
of high concentration is called osmosis.
If a semipermeable membrane is placed
in between two solutions of different
concentrations, the solvent will flow
from a region of a less concentrated
solution to a more concentrated region.
Osmotic Pressure.
The movement of the solvent
continues until the concentration on
both sides are the same. To prevent
the flow of solvent molecules through
a semipermeable membrane, pressure
must be applied to the solution. The
pressure required to counter, not
sustain, osmosis is known as osmotic
pressure.
Osmotic Pressure.
Solvent molecules will diffuse
across the membrane in both
directions. Since the concentration
of solvent is greater in the pure
solvent than the solution, these
molecules will diffuse from the
solvent side of the membrane to
the solution side at a faster rate
than they will in the reverse
direction. The result is a net
transfer of solvent molecules from
the pure solvent to the solution.
Diffusion-driven transfer of solvent
molecules through a
semipermeable membrane is a
process known as osmosis.
When the pressure reaches a value that
yields a reverse solvent transfer rate
equal to the osmosis rate, bulk transfer of
solvent ceases. This pressure is called the
osmotic pressure (π) of the solution. The
osmotic pressure of a dilute solution is
related to its solute molarity, M, and
absolute temperature, T, according to the
equation
π = MRT
where R = universal gas constant = 0.08206
L-atm/mol-K
Assuming ideal solution behavior, what
is the osmotic pressure (atm) of a
0.30 M solution of glucose in water that
is used for intravenous infusion at body
temperature, 37 °C?
π = MRT
= 0.30 mol/L x 0.0826 L-atm/mol-
K x 310K
= 7.6 atm
Assuming ideal solution behavior,
what is the osmotic pressure (atm)
a solution with a volume of 0.750 L
that contains 5.0 g of methanol,
CH3OH, in water at 37 °C?

5.3 atm
Take Home Quiz:
1. Calculate the mass of ethylene
glycol
(formula mass = 62.1 g/mol), an
antifreeze component, that must be
added to 5.0 L of water to produce a
solution that freezes at
-18.3°C. Assume that the density of
the water is exactly 1 g/mL.
Kf of H20 = 1.86 °C*Kg/mol
What is the molal freezing
point depression constant, Kf,
of 20 g benzene (C6H6) if 1.60
g of naphthalene (C10H8) is
dissolved in it? The freezing
point of pure benzene is 5.5
o
C, and the freezing point of
the solution is 2.8 oC.
2. A solution of 10.0 g of a
nonvolatile, nondissociating
compound dissolved in 0.200
kg of benzene boils at 81.2
°C. Calculate the molecular
weight of the compound.
Boiling point constant for
benzene: 2.53 °C/m
3. A 202-ml benzene
solution containing 2.47 g
of an organic polymer has
an osmotic pressure of 8.63
mmHg at 21 C. Calculate
0

the molar mass of the

polymer.
4. Calculate the vapor
pressure of a solution made by
dissolving 82.4 g of urea
CO(NH2) 2 in 212 ml of water
at 350C. What is the vapor
pressure lowering? The vapor
pressure of water at 350C is
42.18 mmHg.